タバコ・モザイク・ウイルス普通株を接種2週間後, ごくわずかにモザイク症状を呈したNicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthiの若葉をオスミウム酸で固定して超薄切片を作り, 電子顕微鏡下で観察の結果, 次の所見をえた.
1. ウイルスは, 罹病細胞内に無秩序に散在することはなく, 粒子はend-to-endの結合をなし, 相互にほゞ平行に配列して束状に集合しているのが一般である.
2. 細胞内ウイルス集団は, その存在部位により2種類に大別される. すなわち, ある集団は細胞質内に孤立して発見されるものであり, 他の集団は葉緑体や細胞膜に附着して細胞周辺部に見られるものである. 後者の集団は膜様物によつて包まれているが, この膜様物は微細な顆粒よりできている.
3. 罹病細胞内に出現するX体は, 顆粒が密に集積したものであつて空胞を含んでいる.
4. ウイルスを含むX体の発見は稀であり, 一般にX体内にウイルスを見ることは困難である. ウイルスはむしろX体の外表または周囲の細胞質において容易に観察される.

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The auther examined whether R. tsutsugamushi (R.) might develop a drug resistance to Chlortetracycline (CTC) or not, using mouse as an experimental animal. R. was inoculated intraperitoneally to each mouse in groups which received various dosis of CTC by mouth. Then from those mice R. were isolated for the next generations. The following results were obtained.
1. In third generations, R. developed no drug resistance to CTS in each groups of receiving 0.1mg for 3-4 days, 0.05mg for 3-4 days and of 0.05mg for 7 days.
2. But in fifth generations, received 0.025mg for 7 days in each generation, it seemed to be developing some resistance to CTC.
3. In 7th generations, in the group which received 0.05mg for 7 days, R. developed more resistance than in the group receiving 0.05mg for 4 days.
4. The R. strain, which isolated from mice of 7th generations, received CTC 0.05mg for 7 days in each generation, revealed cross resistance to Tetracycline, but not to Chloramphenicol & Leukomycin.
5. The CTC resistant strain was passed mice receiving no antibiotics through 12 generations, but the resistance was not weakened or not disappeared.
6. In above mentioned experiments no change in rickettsia's virulence was noticed.
7. Also in the experimental rickettsiosis in mice, the author has proved that the long-term administration of small amount of antibiotic was efficacious.

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At the beginning of March 1958, a small outbreak of influenza occurred in an almshouse in Gunma Prefecture, and Asia'flu viruses were isolated.
In the course of this outbreak, 66 cases were found and 5 patients died, Most of the patients were over seventy years of age.
All isolates, except one from the dead case, were in Q phase and not susceptible to non-specific inhibitors in human and guinea pig sera. Only the isolate from the dead case was in P phase.
Antibody patterns in sera from the patients were determined with prototype strains, and significant rises in titer were found in almost all the sera with both Asia and Swine viruses. On the other hand, no antibody response was observed with strains of FMI and PR8 sets.

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柑橘萎縮病媒介虫アオバハゴロモが保毒した場合にみられる各種代謝異常は宿主柑橘の代謝変調の影響によるものか否かを明かにして, 虫媒伝染機作の解析資料に供する.
(1) 柑橘は終末酸化酵素の1つにCytochrome oxidaseをもち, これは萎縮病感染に伴つて力価が稍衰退するが, 媒介虫の終末酸化酵素Cytochrome oxidaseは保毒によつても活性度には影響がない.
(2) 柑橘は罹病によつてTCA回路中の有機酸Tc酸, 例えばPyruvic acid, Succinic acid, Citric acid等の含量が著しく減少する. これは萎縮柑橘上で飼養し保毒した媒介虫のTc酸不足を招き, 呼吸代謝が衰える原因の1つをなすと考える.
(3) 柑橘の核酸は, 紫外線吸収ピークをRNAでは263mμ, DNAでは260mμに表わし, 健病植物間には質的に変化は少ないが, 量は罹病に伴い両者共に増加する. 一方媒介虫では健病虫共にRNAでは265mμ, DNAは275mμに紫外線吸収ピークがみられ, 変質は認められない. ただ保毒に伴いRNAは稍減量, DNAは増量, 核酸全量では稍増加する事がみられる.
(4) 電気泳動図及び紫外線吸収スペクトラムを相対照して観ると, 原点 (I) 以外に柑橘ではフラクション1個 (III), 媒介虫では2個 (II, III) を算え, 他に蛋白をもたない核酸の分劃 (IV) が柑橘, 媒介虫共に1個をみる. しかして罹病に伴いこの核酸分劃は柑橘葉では消滅するが, 媒介虫ではむしろ増量する. 又原点 (I) 及びこれに近接した分劃 (II) の核蛋白質は媒介虫の場合は保毒に伴い減量又は消失することが認められる. 以上の観察結果より媒介虫の保毒に伴う代謝衰退の原因の1つには, 萎縮病感染により代謝に変調を表わす宿主植物の呼吸基質の不足や核蛋白の変量を指摘出来ると思う.

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本報は萎縮病ウイルスに感染した水稲には, その各種代謝に異状が表われるか否かを観察した結果の一部を取纒めたものである. これは本病媒介虫ツマグロヨコバイの代謝現象を考察する上の資料に供するのが目的である.
(1) 萎縮稲は呼吸率 (Qo₂) 及び呼吸商 (RQ) が共に健全稲より高く, 呼吸は旺盛になる.
(2) 水稲の呼吸系の終末酸化酵素にはAscorbic acid oxidaseも関与しているが, この力価は萎縮病感染によつて少しも低下しない.
(3) 萎縮稲の呼吸代謝の増高は酸化的燐酸化と共軛してをり, 有機燐酸エステル化は健全稲より増大して来る.
(4) 萎縮稲のPhosphataseの力価は健全稲より大きい.
(5) 水稲は罹病に伴い無機燐は激減するが有機燐・核酸燐は著しく増加している. 尤も脂質燐の増加は僅少であり, 蛋白燐には変化が少いので全燐量としては僅かの増加である.
(6) 水稲の核蛋白質及びRNA・DNAは萎縮病ウイルスの侵入を受けても質的並に量的にも余り顕著な変化は見出しえない.
以上の観察結果よりすると, 水稲は萎縮病に感染しても呼吸代謝, 燐酸代謝は少しも正常稲に劣らず寧ろ稍旺盛になると考えられる.

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In order to elucidate host-virus-relationship, especially cytopathogenicity of viruses in tissue culture by using embryonic skinmuscle tissue, comparative studies on the cytopathogenic effects of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Venezuelan (equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Columbia SK (Col. SKO, Mengo encephalitis (Mengo) and both pantropic and neurotropic Rift Valley fever (PRY and NRV respectively) viruses were undertaken by means of morphological check on Giemsa's stained preparates under microscope and titration of virus in culture fluid in mice daily after their inoculation into the 6-7 day tissue culture of human-, pig-, ox-, mouse- and chickembryos. On the other hand the effect of each immune rabbit serum was investigated upon the cytopathogenicity of the homologous virus. The results obtained were briefly summarized as follows:
1) The marked cytopathogenic effect of WEE, EEE and VEE viruses were observed on fibroblasts of human-, pig-, ox-, mouse- and chickembryos, and Col. SK, Mengo viruses and both PRV and NRV viruses gave the same findings as the viruses mentioned above except on chick embryo tissue culture.
The cytopathogenic effect was found to be caused by the virus growth in tissue culture because of exsistence of parallelism between the titer of virus and the grade of cytopathogenicity which had been inhibited by the homologous immune rabbit serum.
2) The viruses mentioned above might be classified on the morphological changes of the fibroblast at the early stage of tissue culture, into 3 groups, that is, equine encephalomyelitis group, Col. SK-Mengo group and RV groups. In equine encephalomyelitis group, the round, deep stained and pyknotic nucleus was found more often in the normaly stained protoplasma infected with VEE than with both WEE and EEE, and in the Col. SK-Mengo group, the elongated and deep staine pyknotic nucleus was recognized in infected cells while the characteristic karyorrhexis was found in cells infected with RV group.
3) In spite of the growth of virus no cytopathogenic effect was confirmed in tissue culture infected with yellow fever 17D and Russian spring summer encephalitis viruses under our tissue culture conditions.
4) The immune rabbit serum was added to the infected tissue culture within 1 to 8 hours after inoculation with heavy dosis. No cytopathogenic effect was observed but it did occur after replacement of culture media without antiserum 4 days thereafter. That means, the high potent immune serum could not completely inhibit the cytopathogenicity of the virus 8 hours after inoculation with the virus into tissue culture. Furthermore, it was confirmed that cytopathogenic effect could no more be inhibited by adding the immune serum into the infected tissue culture 8 hours or later after inoculation of the virus.

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An outbreak of poliomyelitis epidemic was encountered among the children under 14 years old at the limited areas in Ehime prefecture during the period from April to July, 1956. The isolation and identification of the causative agent were undertaken from the stools collected from 55 out of 73 cases all together with non-paralytic and paralytic cases by means of the tissue culture using monkey- and HeLa cells. It is the first report of polio epidemic in Japan which was proven to be caused by the type I poliovirus only.
Nine strains were isolated from 9 out of 15 paralytic polio cases and 11 from 11 out of 40 non-paralytic cases and they were identified as type I poliovirus. The invasion of the virus there was so marked that 5 out of 7 children under 17 years old suffered from the disease in one family and all 2 children under 7 years old got the disease in another family.
In view of the preventive medicine it is of importance to note that the virus was recovered from 6 out of 14 cases on first to 10th day, from 3 out of 10 cases on 11th to 20th day, from 2 out of 6 cases on 21st to 30th day and from 6 out of 6 cases on 31st to 40th day after onset of the disease respectively. As for the amount of the virus in the stool from the patient, 10TCID₅₀ were calculated in 10 cases, 100TCID₅₀ in 5 cases and 1000TCID₅₀ in one case on the 10th day of illness and no relationship was observed between the amount of virus in the stool and the day of illness.

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The present paper describes some general properties of a multi-lysogenic Pseudomonas pyocyanea, strain T (L, m, tu), which carries three different types of prophage. The three phages produced from the strain can be distinguished from each other by plaque morphology, host-ranges, and by serological neutralization. They are all noninducible by ultraviolet light irradiation. The production of each phage type during the bacterial growth is considered to be independent each other, since no correlation has been observed among phage production of these phages. Burst frequency, measured by the probability for one bacterium to burst per generation time, was estimated to be about 1:50, 000 for phages L and m, about 1:100, 000-1:1, 000, 000 for tu phage. Burst sizes in spontaneous phage production of these phages were between 1 and 20.
From the viewpoint of serological neutralization, phages L and m are related, but phage tu is not related to the others.

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It is widely known that the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) modifies some species of the avian and mammalian red blood cells and produces some several new antigenicities on the red blood cells (r. b. c.).
On the other hand, several cases of hemolytic anemia caused by NDV had been reported by Moolten et al., Negative results were, however, described by Morgan, Wright et al., who attempted to isolate the same virus from the patients of acquired hemolytic anemia.
It may be interesting to examine following problems; 1, Is the modification of red blood cells caused in vivo by a viremia of NDV? 2, From an immunological or hematological standpoint, what responses will follow if the modification of r. b. c. with NDV is exhibited in vivo? For the purpose of studying these, a number of guinea pigs were injected with purified NDV intracardially.
The viremia was continued for about 50 hours when NDV was injected intracardially. The r. b. c. of the guinea pigs in which the viremia was continued were highly phagocytized by tissue-cultured spleen macrophages, e.g., the phagocytic indexes 3 hours after the injection of NDV were 42 and 51, then those decreased and came to the normal range after 58 to 88 hours. This fact indicates that the modification of the r. b. c. by the viruses may be exhibited in vivo during the viremia. NDV-hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were markedly produced and kept in high titer even 60 days after; however, the NDV-modified cell agglutinins which were also markedly produced had decreased more rapidly and came to the normal range at that time.
Positive antiglobulin tests were obtained from 7 guinea pigs out of 18 into which were injected NDV. Also positive results were obtained from 6 out of 16 in the trypsin tset at 37C. The 2 tests became negative 19 or 23 days after the last injections. Cold trypsin test were performed on 10 guinea pigs of which 6 showed the positive agglutinations. Those agglutinations continued for 23 days. False positive trypsin tests as seen in the human sera were not seen in the 20 normal and 4 guinea pigs immunized with rabbit serum. Those sera did not contain the cold hemagglutinins. So, it may be evident that the positive trypsin tests have a pathological means.
The r. b. c. of the guinea pigs from which the positive antiglobulin tests were obtained were moderately phagocytized by the spleen macrophages. This fact suggests that the antibodies detected through the antiglobulin test may have an opsonized capacity as the autoantibody in the sera of the patients suffering from acquired hemolytic anemia.
The moderate anemia was seen temporarily at the stage of the viremia in the 3 guinea pigs out of 4 and in a slight degree in one of the 4 guinea pigs at the stage at which the positive antiglobulin tests were obtained.

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A rapid method to take a photograph of phage-plaques formed on an agar plate by using an enlarger was described. A piece of the “layer agar” on which plaques had been developed was stripped from the “basal agar”, and fixed on a piece of glass. This was enlarged and printed directly on a photographic paper by an enlarger. Conditions required for obtaining clear, beautiful photograph were discusesd.

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