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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
Cover1-
Published: October 05, 1992
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
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Shigeru TAKAHASHI, Shigekazu YAMAMURO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
505-510
Published: October 05, 1992
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^<15>N tracer experiments in the experimental field of Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station were carried out. Mineralization of soil nitrogen and nitrogen absorption by rice plant derived from soil and from irrigation water were examined. Three types of plots were set up according to the application rate of rice straw compost as follows : C 0 (0 ton/10a), C 2 (2 tons/10a) and C 5 (5 tons/10a). The same applications has been continued for 24 years. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The rate of nitrogen mineralization was in the following order : C 5 > C 2 > C 0. The amount of nitrogen mineralized for 10 weeks (Jun. 27th to Sep. 5th) in plots C 2 and C 5 were respectively 43 and 94% more than that of plot C 0. 2) The amount of nitrogen absorbed by the rice plant was in the following order : C 5 > C 2 > C 0. The amount of nitrogen absorbed gradually increased and reached the maximum level between July 18th to 25th, after which it gradually decreased. 3) The amount of nitrogen absorbed from soil for 9 weeks (Jun. 27th to Aug. 29th) in plots C 0, C 2 and C 5 were 3.49, 6.11 and 7.49 g/m^2, respectively. The nitrogen derived from irrigation water for the same period, which was calculated by deducting the nitrogen absorbed from soil from total nitrogen absorption, were 2.61, 1.40 and 1.68 g/m^2 for plots C 0, C 2 and C 5, respectively. These results suggest that it is important to take into consideration the level of nitrogen in irrigation water.
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Makoto KITOU, Shigekata YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
511-516
Published: October 05, 1992
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Recently, large amounts of plant residues have issued not only from rural areas but also from urban areas by the increasing demand of green landscape. The major part of them is usually disposed of as organic waste. In order to research the effective method for agricultural use, some kinds of plant top residues (weeds : tall golden rod, mugwort and Japanese plume-grass ; crops : soybean and corn) were mixed and composted with sludges produced from water purification process in this experiment. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of plant residues used was higher in the order of japanese plume-glass > tall golden rod > corn > mugwort > soybean, respectively. Nitrogen content of mugwort and soybean was higher than that of the other plant residues. Among the mineral elements, it was markedly observed that P content of japanese plume-glass and corn, K content of corn and tall golden rod were higher than the other plant residues, respectively. Besides, soybean had the highest content of Ca and Mg. 2) pH and EC of plant culture soils made from each plant residue were in the range of 6.43 to 7.24 and of 0.10 to 0.22 mS/cm, respectively. 3) Nitrate nitrogen (NO_3-N) and Ca-P_2O_5 contents were the highest in the plant culture soil made from soybean residues, while they were the lowest in the culture soil from japanese plume-glass. Except for C/N and Ca content, any correlation was not observed between components of plant residues and culture soils. 4) Soybean and corn, with long cultivation period, grew well in any plant culture soils manufactured However, the growth of komatsuna and garland chrysanthemum with short cultivation period, was lower in any plant culture soils than in fertilized soil (control). 5) There was a higher correlation between average growth of crops and Ca-P_2O_5 or Ca contents in plant culture soils. From these results, it is clear that plant culture soils can be easily manufactured by mixing, and composting plant residues with sludges of water purification process. Moreover, it was considered that supplementation of phosphorus and calcium fertilizers was effective for manufacture of favorable plant culture soil.
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Kiyoshi HIRAOKA, Masako TAKEBE, Tadakatsu YONEYAMA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
517-523
Published: October 05, 1992
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The characteristics of grain production of Kanto 146 were investigated from 1988 to 1990 in Tsukuba by comparison with those of Suweon 258 and Musashikogane. 1) The grain yield of Kanto 146 was higher than those of Suweon 258 and Musashikogane under both unfavorable (1988) and favorable (1989, 1990) climates, due to the higher ability of spikelet formation per panicle. 2) In particular, the numbers of secondary rachis-branches per panicle of Kanto 16 were larger than those of Suweon 258 and Musashikogane. The numbers of grains on secondary rachis-branch of Kanto 146 were relatively abundant in the upper position of panicle. These led Kanto 146 to the large sink size and high sink activity. However, the variation of the spikelet number in a hill was larger in Kanto 146 than in Suweon 258 and Musashikogane. This may be a disadvantage for ripening. 3) Kanto 146 showed higher dry matter production and storage in the leaf sheath and culm than Musashikogane before heading and high green color scores of upper levaes after heading. Plant uptake of P and K and distribution of N and P to grains in Kanto 146 were superior to those in Suweon 258 and Musashikogane.
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Makoto NAKAI, Naoto MATSUE, Naganori YOSHINAGA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
524-532
Published: October 05, 1992
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A study has been undertaken to evaluate the surface reactivity of noncrystalline constituents in the clays from Brown Forest, Red, Yellow, and Brown Lowland soils. The clays (< 2μm) were treated with dithionite (DCB) and hot acid oxalate (90℃),and phosphate adsorption, specific surface area. and ion exchange capacity (CEC and AEC) of the dissolved fractions were estimated from the differences between the respective values determined before and after the treatments. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The dissolved fractions adsorbed phosphate in large quantities which were incomparable with those adsorbed by the residues of the treatments (crystalline constituents), though the quantities were markedly smaller than those of allophanic soil clays. The quantity of the phosphate adsorbed by the untreated clays exhibited a positive correlation with the total contents of the fractions dissolved by the treatments, particularly with the oxalate-extractable fractions, in the clays. Among the respective oxide extracted (SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3), the correlation was particularly higher with the oxalate-extractable iron oxides. It was considered thus that the soils of non-ash origin owe their phosphate adsorption largely to the oxalate-extractable, i.e., noncrystalline, iron oxides they contain. So far as the soil samples examined are concerned, the contribution of non-or poorly-crystalline aluminosilicates to phosphate adsorption was not evident, though their adsorption activity was expected. The specific surface area of the extractable fractions was difficult to estimate with precision due to a possible underestimate derived from the assumption involved in the method employed. Nevertheless, it was judged from the results that the specific surface area of the noncrystalline constituents was approximately equal to or a little larger than that of the crystalline counterpart in the same clays. The CEC and AEC values of the extractable fractions carried an underestimate due to the same reason as the above and gave rise to negative values for many samples. Particularly in the case of AEC, interpretation of the values obtained was more complicated due to an overestimate which arose by negative adsorption of anion on the surface of the crystalline counterpart.
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Hiroshi YAMASAKI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
533-540
Published: October 05, 1992
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A searching system which is able to display the images of crop tissues has been constructed to offer the information to diagnose the physiological disorders. The system is composed of a NEC9801 personal computer, a high resolution display, a hard disc, two boards of full color image analyzer, and an image scanner. The main program language is dBASE III Plus with addition of utility soft were which gives the ability of graphic function. The yellowing between leaf veins of cucumber plants which occurred in a field was assessed by this system which had 439 registrations of information for cucumber. First of all, a rough investigation was conducted by items, and then the investigation by full color images was carried out. The system suggested that this disorder was due to Mg deficiency. Finally from the serach of mineral concentrations of the leaves and soils it was strongly concluded that this disorder was caused by Mg deficiency.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
540-
Published: October 05, 1992
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Seishiro NAKASHIMA, Fumio YANO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
541-549
Published: October 05, 1992
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The chemical and physical properties of the Red-Yellow soils with "Donku-Ban" -a compact pan-layer composed of highly weathered gravels of andesitic tuff-breccia - were studied especially in relation to the problems in the productivity classification of these soils. Soils derived from "Donku-Ban" are grouped into the following four types : the first is clayey soil with no gravel, the second is clayey soil studded with unweathered gravels of andesitic tuff-breccia, the third is clayey soil with common to abundant gravels of highly weathered andesitic tuff-breccia, the third is clayey soil with common to abundant gravels of highly weathered andesitic tuff-breccia and the fourth is shallow clayey soil with "Donku-Ban" near the surface. Although the four types of soils are similar in the chemical properties, the first and second types of soil have stronger stickiness and less water permeability and water-holding capacity than the third and fourth types. Therefore, the productivity of the arable soils highly depended on the physical properties rather than on the chemical properties. Clay mineral compositions of these soils consist of metahalloysite, halloysite and cristobalite. Keeping in mind such compositions and soil phase morphology, all Red-Yellow soil layers consist of the same parent material derived from "Donku-Ban". The highly weathered gravels which constitute "Donku-Ban" disintegrated at the rate of 30~40% in a year. Among the gravels the red or purplish colored ones disintegrated more rapidly than the others. In the agricultural field the highly weathered gravels change to soil within one or three years. The compacted layer, "Donku-Ban" which situated in the solum is an inhibiting factor against crop production. However, when it appears at the surface with deep plowing or land preparation and is weathered or broken with pan-breaker, it becomes productive soil layer with fine textures. Therefore, it is not adequate to classify the Red-Yellow soils with "Donku-Ban" into the same soil series as those with unweathered or weakly weathered gravel layers, sand and gravel layers, and fresh rock beds. The authors proposed to separate "Donku-Ban" from other pan-layers in the classification of agricultural soils in Japan.
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Tomoko HIROKAWA, Sumio ITOH, Yasuo KITAGAWA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
550-558
Published: October 05, 1992
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Uptake of soil nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen were investigated in rotational paddy fields of gravelly gray lowland soils (Fluvisols) using the ^<15>N tracer technique. The experiment was conducted for 3 years comparing with continuous paddy fields. The results were summarized as follows ; In the rotated paddy fields that had been cultivated with barley and soybean for along period, the total amount of low layer nitrogen mineralized under submerged anaerobic incubation was not much larger than that of the continuous paddy fields. As for the subsoil nitrogen, it was the same relation with the plow layer. The rice plant of the rotated paddy fields absorbed more soil nitrogen than that of the continuous paddy fields, even when the amount of mineralized nitrogen of the former was not much larger than the latter. The recovery rates of mineralized soil nitrogen were also high for the rotated paddy fields than the continuous paddy fields. The average recovery rates of basal nitrogen and topdressed nitrogen at panicle formation stage in the rotated paddy fields were about 10% higher than that of the continuous paddy fields. Immobilization of fertilizer nitrogen to soil organic matter and "priming effect " of fertilizer nitrogen were small in the rotated paddy fields.
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Masami NANZYO, Taek Yong UHM, Sadao SHOJI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
559-565
Published: October 05, 1992
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The effect of exchangeable Ca^<2+>, Mg^<2+> and Al^<3+> on the phosphate sorption coefficient was examined using Glay Lowland soils, Gley soils, Ando soils, Yellow soils and so on, which are the major cultivated soils in Japan. This study is based on the finding that exchangeable Ca^<2+> and Mg^<2+> play an important role in the determination of phosphate sorption coefficient of the Hachirougata reclaimed soil. One hundred nineteen soils from 22 prefectures in Japan were divided into 3 groups depending on the contents of oxalate extractable Al+Fe/2 (Al_o+Fe_o/2) and the ratio of oxalate extractable Fe to dithionite extractable Fe (Fe_o/Fe_d) as follows. The group 1 includes the soils of Al_o+Fe_o/2<1.5% and Fe_o/Fe_d≧0.3 ; the group 2, Al_o+Fe_d/2< 1.5% and Fe_o/Fe_d<0.3 ; the group 3, Al_o+Fe_o/2≧1.5%. Contribution of exchangeable Ca^<2+>, Mg^<2+>, and Al^<3+> on the phosphate sorption coefficient of the group 1 and 2 soils was 36.4 and 18.2% on average, respectively. In the group 1 soils, contribution of exchangeable Al^<3+> was very small. In the group 3 soils, CaHPO_4. SH_2O was not detected by XRD even if they had 14.7 cmol (+) kg^<-1> of exchangeable Ca^<2+>. These results were supported by the compact database for soil analysis data in Japan. Significant correlation was found between phosphate sorption coefficient and exchangeable Ca^<2+>+Mg^<2+> in Gley soils, Gray Lowland soils, Brown Lowland and Yellow soils but not Ando soils. It was also found that exchangeable Al^<3+> of the group 2 soils formed a precipitate of which molar ratio of Al to P is close to 1.
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Koki TOYOTA, Makoto KIMURA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
566-570
Published: October 05, 1992
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The growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (F. o. r.) in the rhizosphere (endorhizosphere, rhizoplane and ectorhizosphere) of host plant (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated in this paper. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The growth of F. o. r. was suppressed in non-rhizosphere and the rhizosphere, especially rhizoplane, of host plant cultivated in a soil amended with farmyard manure (FYM-soil) than in a soil with chemical fertilizer (CF-soil). 2) Although the number of total microorganisms in the rhizoplane of host plant cultivated in FYM-soil was similar to that in CF-soil, the number of antagonistic microorganisms against F. o. r. in the former soil was more than 100 times as high as that in the latter. Thus it was considered that antagonistic microorganisms were partly responsible for the suppression of growth of F. o. r. in the rhizoplane of the host plant cultivated in FYM-soil. 3) The growth of F. o. r. in the rhizoplane of the resistant variety to radish yellows was similar to that of the susceptible one. 4) The growths in non-rhizosphere and rhizoplane of F. o. r. were compared with those of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (F. o. c. ). No difference in the growth was found between F. o. r. and F. o. c. under the corresponding conditions. The growths of F. o. r. and F. o. c. were more suppressed in the non-rhizosphere and in the rhizoplane of host plant (radish) cultivated in FYM-soil than in CF-soil.
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Masakazu AOYAMA, Yutaka TANINAI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
571-580
Published: October 05, 1992
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Surface soils were sampled from field plots (Ando soil) applied with farmyard manure (FYM) at the rates of 0 to 20 kg m^<-2> for four years and fractionated according to the particle size and the aggregate size. The soils were each separated into five particle size fractions by wet sieving and sedimentation following dispersion in water and into six aggregate size fractions by wet sieving. Analyses of total C and N contents and incubation study for estimating mineralizable C and N were carried out on each particle size and aggregate size fractions. The four-year application of FYM generally increased the concentrations of total C and N in whole soil and each particle size fraction, and the largest increase in the amount of organic matter was observed in the coarse sand-size fraction (>0.2 mm in diameter), followed by the fine sand-size fraction (0.02-0.2 mm in diameter). The formation of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm in diameter) was promoted by the application of FYM. The concentrations of total C and N in each aggregate size fraction also increased with the increase of the amount of FYM applied, and the increase in organic matter was relatively larger in the aggregate size fractions ranging from 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter. These results suggested that most of the accumulated organic matter due to the application of FYM was about the size of sand particles and present as constituents of the macroaggregates. The analysis of particle size distribution in each aggregate size fraction, nevertheless, indicated that a part of the sand-size organic matter was present without forming macroaggregates. The amounts of mineralizable C and N generally increased with the increase of the amount of FYM applied in both the particle size and aggrrgate size fractions. The accumulation of mineralizable organic matter due to the application of FYM was most remarkable in the coarse sand-size fraction, but for nitrogen mineralization, the contribution was largest in the clay-size fractions even at the FYM application of 20 kg m^<-2>. Among aggregate size fractions, the most remarkable accumulation was observed in fractions larger than 0.5 mm in diameter for mineralizable C and in those ranging from 0.25 to 1 mm in diameter for nitrogen mineralization. The ratio of C to N mineralized was decreased with decreasing particle size and aggregate size in the manired soils. Thus the decomposable organic matter in soils with FYM was present mainly as sand-size particles forming macroaggregates and clay-size particles.
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Nobuharu KIHOU, Kouichi YUITA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
581-589
Published: October 05, 1992
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Authors made three test plots on an alluvial fan in Ashigara plain in Kanagawa prefecture and took soil water from depth within 130 cm to examine the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and its fluctuation. 1) The maximum value and the mean value of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water taken from the depth between 100 cm to 130 cm was 3.66 mg L^<-1> and 0.705 mg L^<-1> alternatively in Nobusawa plot, which was on the upper part of the intermediate zone of the fan. In Miyadai plot, which was on the upper part of the lower zone of the fan and had high permeability, the maximum value was 24.6 mg L^<-1> (after basal fertilizer application), but the mean value was 1.35 mg L^<-1>, which wasn't a particularly high value ; however, it was bigger than that of Nobusawa. In Sobi plot, which was on the lower part of the lower zone of the fan, both the maximum value and the mean value were low (0.684 mg L^<-1> and 0.041 mg L^<-1> alternatively). 2) The inflow rate of nitrate nitrogen to the paddy fields in Nobusawa plot was slightly bigger than the outflow rate of nitrate nitrogen accompanied with percolating water through subsoil of the paddy field during both irrigation term and non-irrigation term (2 kg ha^<-1> to 7 kg ha^<-1>). In Miyadai plot the percolating rate of nitrate nitrogen is slightly under 50% of the rate of nitrogen from fertilizer application during irrigation term and the outflow rate of nitrate nitrogen subtracted from the inflow rate of nitrate nitrogen was -20 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1> percolated additionally. But this value was under one tenth of the vlue we obtained in the tea gardens previously (-270 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1> to ^280 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1> ). 3) It was supposed that poorly drained paddy fields in welling zone like Sobi plot had high ability for denitrification and removed nitrate nitrogen in water percolated from the lower zone of a fan.
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Shigekata YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
590-592
Published: October 05, 1992
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Masanori NONAKA, Eizo YOKOYAMA, Takao KAMURA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
593-596
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Masakazu AOYAMA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
597-601
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Takuya MARUMOTO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
602-604
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Takeo KUWANA, Masami NANZYO, Yutaka AKIYAMA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
605-609
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Jyunichi KASHIWAGI, Toshio SAKUMA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
610-612
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Masashi FUKUMOTO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
613-619
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Shigeru ARAKI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
620-622
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T. ASAMI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
623-
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S. EFFENDI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
624-
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S. EFFENDI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
624-
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H. SUPRIYO, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
624-
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[in Japanese], R.C. ARAGONES, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
624-625
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
625-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], B. TOPARK-NGARM, [in Japanese], [in Japa ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
625-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
625-626
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A.L. DOMINGO, [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
626-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
626-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
626-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
626-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
626-627
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
627-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
627-
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M. SHARIF ZIA, M. ASLAM, M.A. GILL
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
627-
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M. SHARIF ZIA, M. MUNSIF, M. ASLAM, M.A. GILL
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
627-628
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C. GARCIA, T. HERRANDEZ, F. COSTA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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S.L. MASKEY
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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C.S. TAN
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
628-
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
629-
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
App2-
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 5 Pages
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