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Article type: Cover
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Yuki NAKAGAWA, Takeo YAMAKAWA, Yoshinori KAJIHARA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
109-115
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Field experiments were performed on agricultural farm of Kyushu university to investigate the effect of surface application timing of crushed fibrous-bamboo (bamboo powder) and intertillage and ridging on N_2 fixation and production of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Fukuyutaka in 2005 and 2006. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) of 3 to 4 age was crushed in fiber-shaped and used as a bamboo powder. Treatments in 2005 were non-multi, early stage mulching, and late stage mulching, which bamboo powder was not applied, applied just after sowing or applied just after the cultivating and ridging, respectively. Treatments without cultivating and ridging in 2006 were F0, F40 and F80, which 0, 40 and 80kg 10a^<-1> of commercial chemical fertilizer (N; P_2O_5; K_2O=3.0; 10.0; 10.0%) without bamboo powder was applied on the surface of soil just after sowing, respectively and M0, M40 and M80, which 0, 40 and 80kg 10a^<-1> of compound fertilizer was applied on the surface of bamboo powder spread on soil just after sowing, respectively. All treatments had three replicates. The results in 2005 indicated that the surface application of bamboo powder decreased the soybean yield regardless of the application timing. Therefore, it was concluded that the cultivation method with cultivating and ridging was not suitable for the soybean production under the application of bamboo powder. The results in 2006 indicated the surface application of bamboo powder without cultivating and ridging increased the soybean yield. Because, the surface application of bamboo powder improved the germination and facilitated the growth from late vegetative to flowering stage. Furthermore, this method increased N2 fixation (relative abundance of ureides).
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Toshimitsu HONMA, Hirotomo OHBA, Ayako KANEKO, Takashi HOSHINO, Masaha ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
116-122
Published: April 05, 2009
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Phytoremediation using hyperaccumulator wild plants has been proposed as a promising, environmentally-friendly, low-cost technology for decontaminating toxic metals from soil. However, it may be difficult to use hyperaccumulator wild plants for practical phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated paddy fields because of their several drawbacks. Several rice varieties that accumulate high-Cd in their shoots have been found. To select rice variety practicable for phytoremediation of low-Cd-contaminated paddy field, we examined the decrease effect of Cd concentration in soil and brown rice of food rice variety by phytoremediation using six rice varieties. Six rice varieties (Kusayutaka, LAC23, Milyang 23, Habataki, Moretsu, and IR8) were planted for 3 years in Andosol, in which plow layer contained 0.44-0.50mg Cd kg^<-1> extracted with 0.1mol L^<-1> HCl (1:5 w/v). The order of the shoot Cd uptakes by these rice varieties was as follows: Kusayutaka<LAC23<Milyang 23<Habataki<Moretsu<IR8. IR8 absorbed 158g Cd ha^<-1> in its shoot from soil by 3-year phytoremediation. Soil Cd concentration in the IR8 plot has been decreased from 0.48mg Cd kg^<-1> to 0.33mg Cd kg^<-1>. Cd concentrations in brown rice of food rice variety (Koshihikahi) grown after the phytoremediation by IR8, Habataki and Moretsu were lower than those by Kusayutaka and LAC23. Judging from these results, we conclude that IR8 is the most promising in the six varieties for phytoremediation of Cd from paddy fields contaminated with relatively low Cd concentration.
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Eiji ISHIBASHI, Syogo YAMAMOTO, Naohiko AKAI, Toru IWATA, Haruo TSURUT ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
123-135
Published: April 05, 2009
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In order to clarify any difference in the emission of methane (CH_4), nitrous oxide (N_2O) and carbon dioxide (CO_2), from two rice paddy fields under the continuation of no-tilled direct seeding cultivation (ND), two rice paddy fields under the conventional tilled transplanting cultivation (TT), and one rice paddy field under the tilled direct seeding cultivation (TD), we measured CH_4, N_2O and CO_2 fluxes from these fields with gray lowland paddy soils in Sanyoh of Okayama Prefectural General Agriculture Center, by using a closed chamber method for 2-5 years (1998-2002). We estimated the Net Ecosystem CO_2 Exchange (NEE) during rice-growing seasons by using a model based on the eddy covariance flux measurement made at a rice paddy field in Hachihama of Okayama University, a 23km-distance from Sanyoh. Consequently, the following results were obtained. 1) A clear trade-off relationship was shown between CH_4 and N_2O fluxes in all the rice paddy fields. 2) The sum of annual CO_2 equivalent emission of CH_4 and N_2O was a little bit higher in ND than in TT but not significantly different between ND and TT, possibly due to the long-term continuation of ND, although the emission of CH_4 was much lower in ND than in TT during a few or several years after TT was converted to ND. 3) The averaged annual emission ratio of N_2O to the sum of CH_4 and N_2O on the CO_2 equivalent basis was 9.0%, 7.3%, and 1.8% in ND, TD and TT, respectively. The highest ratio in ND was caused by sporadic enhancements of N_2O flux in fallow seasons due to an organic matter layer only formed on the surface soil of ND. 4) As a result, the N fertilizer-induced emission factor of N_2O in a three-year average was 0.48% and 2.5% in TT and ND, respectively.5) During fallow and no-flooded seasons, the CO_2 flux from the surface soil to the atmosphere was higher in ND than in TT. An annual NEE in TD was estimated to be -294 and -311g CO_2m^<-2>y^<-1> in 1998 and 1999, respectively. 6) The organic matter layer formed on topsoil increased with the continuation of ND, and the carbon sequestration rate to the surface soil was 86.2g C m^<-2>y^<-1>, equal to about 30% of the total annual CO_2 equivalent emission rate of CH_4 and N_2O. 7) According to the carbon neutral principle, the annual net CO_2 emission in ND was -268g CO_2m^<-2>y^<-1> by adding the CO_2 emission through the slow decomposition of soil organic matter to the carbon sequestration rate. 8) Hence, the total CO_2 equivalent greenhouse gas emission (the sum of CH_4, N_2O, and CO_2) in ND was 811 and 648g CO_2m^<-2>y^<-1> in 1998 and 1999, respectively, and which were lower by 20% than those in TT, mainly due to carbon sequestration to soils in ND 9) The conversion to TD or TT from ND with the continuation for 8 years, by incorporating the surface organic matter into the plowed layer, did not show any increase in the emission of CH_4 or N_2O during the following two years. 10) A possible and effective option for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in ND is that ND fields should be converted to TT or TD fields after the continuation of ND for 4-5 years.
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Shizuka MORI, Hiroshi FUJII
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
136-142
Published: April 05, 2009
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The effects of silica application on the yield and quality of rice were compared among the following plots: (A) a new silicate fertilizer A was applied at the panicle formation stage at 12g m^<-2>, (B) a new silicate fertilizer B was applied at the panicle formation stage at 12g m^<-2>, (C) a conventional silicate fertilizer was applied before transplanting as a basal fertilizer at 36g m^<-2>, and (N) no silicate fertilizer was applied. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The relative yields at the experimental plots A, B, C and N were 106, 104, 104, and 100, respectively. The effectiveness of applied silicate ((yield at A, B, or C-yield at N)/the amount of Si applied) for A, B, and C were 2.58, 2.17 and 0.67g m^<-2>, respectably. In addition, higher cost performances were achievd in A and B than in C. 2. The numbers of grains were as follows: 30,400 grains m^<-2> for C>30,100 for A and B>28,900 for N. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the 1,000-grain weight and the percentage of ripened grains among those experimental plots. 3. The amounts of Si in the leaves plus stems were as follow: 65.0 for A and B(110)>63.0g m^<-2> for C(107)>59.3 for N(100) The amount of Si in the grains were as follows: 35.3g m^<-2> for C(116)>33.2 for A and B(109)>30.4 for N(100) This fact indicates that the top-dressed Si was more effectively used by the rice plant than the basal Si. 4. Total amount of N acquisition and the recovery rate of top-dressed N by the rice plants were higher in Si-applied plots than in non-Si-applied plot. It is likely that the application of Si enhances the N acquisition, resulting in increase of the number of grains.
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Munehiro EBATO, Mitsue KURIBARA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
143-151
Published: April 05, 2009
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Recently, Japan has placed a legal restriction on the stacking of livestock manure in the fields owned by livestock farmers. As a result, compost containing a large amount of sodium and potassium (salt-concentrated compost), has been made from the manure. Due to the high amount of salt, it is difficult to determine the suitable amount of salt-concentrated compost to use for vegetable cultivation in the field. This study aimed to clarify the effects of salt-concentrated compost on mini tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and on soil by investigating the time course transition of soil solution composition and its cation balance. Mini tomatoes were cultivated in pots filled with an Andosol and a Brown lowland soil (Fluvisol) applied with chemical fertilizer, normal compost or salt-concentrated compost. The concentration of soil solution transited at a low level after normal compost application. However, the concentration of soil solutions increased in accordance with the amount of salt-concentrated compost applied, and was maintained at a high level during mini tomato cultivation. The application of salt-concentrated compost to the Andosol caused a blossom-end rot disease to the mini-tomato fruits. Blossom-end rot is known as a response to calcium deficiency. Since the application of the salt-concentrated compost drastically increased the concentration of potassium and sodium in the soil solution, it was suggested that the relative ratio of calcium to monovalent cations was a key factor causing the symptom. By introducing a new index for the activity ratio for potassium plus sodium, i.e. AR^<K+Na>, composition of cations in the soil solution could be evaluated quantitatively. Based on the analyses using AR^<K+Na>, it was found that blossom-end rot occurred when AR^<K+Na> value became too low and exceeded some level (-0.1 in the present case) while mini tomato fruit was constituted at the first branch. In the case that the amount of salt-concentrated compost applied to the Andosol was reduced to be 20Mg ha^<-1> or less, the values of AR^<K+Na> were higher than the value when blossom-end rot had occurred, and the blossom-end rot did not occur.
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Masahiko KATOH, Yasuhito HAYASHI, Hiromasa MORIKUNI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
152-156
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Chikako SHIMAYA, Tomoyoshi HASHIMOTO
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
157-160
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Nobuyuki KOHNO, Tomoyoshi HASHIMOTO
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
161-164
Published: April 05, 2009
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Keiichi MURAKAMI, Sachiko KOSAKA, Takayuki FUJIWARA, Masayuki HARA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
165-167
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Shuko KUBOYAMA, Yoshiko KUBOTA, Takashi KOMATSU, Itsuo GOTO
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
168-172
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Atsushi YAMAKI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
173-176
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Teruo MATSUNAKA, Toshiya SAIGUSA, Hiroyuki SASAKI, Takehiko MATSUMOTO, ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
177-182
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Yoshihito SUNAGA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
183-187
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Yoshinori TAKAHASHI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
188-191
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Toshihiro KATO, Harumi OKUYAMA, Sinkan TOKUDOME, Hisao ODA, Kazuhiko W ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
192-200
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Tomoyoshi HASHIMOTO, Susumu ASAKAWA, Jun MURASE, Satoshi SHIMANO, Tada ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
201-206
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Kazuyuki INUBUSHI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
207-
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Article type: Bibliography
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
208-214
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
215-218
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2009 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages
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