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Article type: Cover
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Index
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Index
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Nobuhiro Oyanagi, Mayu Chihara, Kikuo Haibara, Hiroto Toda
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
363-372
Published: August 05, 2002
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Five experimental plots were set up in forest dominated by keyaki (Zelkova serrata), mizunara (Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata), sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), hinoki (Chmaecyparis obutsa), and akamatsu (Pinusdensiflora) tree species. Forest floor samples were divided into L-F_1, F_2, F_3 and HA classes depending on the decomposition stages. Chemical properties and microbial biomass of carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) in each class and mineral soil at the depth of 0-5 cm (A(0-5)) were measured. Mineralized carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of them for a 30-d incubation period at 25℃ were investigated. From these results, we discussed the relationships among them and the role of microbes in C and N mineralization in different decomposition stages in forest floor. 1) The order of total N concentration in forest floor was keyaki>mizunara>sugi>hinoki>akamatsu. It showed the same tendency as in litterfall. 2) Water soluble organic C (WSOC) concentration was the highest in L-F_1 class, and in keyaki and mizunara, it was three times as high as that of other three plots. It sharply decreased as decomposition of litter advanced. 3) In every plot, MBC and MBN concentrations were higher in F_2 and F_2 classes than in HA class and A(0-5). 4) The amounts of mineralized C were the greatest in L-F_1, F_2 or F_3 classes, with the ranking differing from plot to plot. The relationships between WSOC and mineralized C had a strong positive correlation in HA class and A(0-5). 5) The amounts of mineralized N were the greatest in F_3, HA classes or A(0-5) in every plot. In the mizunara plot, the nitrification rate was lower than in other plots. The net N mineralization in keyaki and sugi plots of moderately moist soil started under a higher C/N ratio than in other plots with dry soil. 6) Histerisis was shown, in which the increase or decrease of MBN concentration with the advancement of decomposition stage of litter preceded the increase or decrease of total N concentration and the amount of mineralized N.
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Nobuhiko Fueki, Satoshi Nakatsu, Tsutomu Kajiyama, Takatoshi Arita, Ak ...
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
373-382
Published: August 05, 2002
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Growth disorder often occurs in the early stage of sugar beet. This happens not only in paper-pot planting but in direct sowing cultivation as well. We investigated the actual condition of growth disorder in field and elucidated the chemical factors related with growth disorder in soil condition. 1) In paper-pot planting cultivation, growth disorders did not occur just after transplanting (transplanting: from the middle of April until early in May) and were first recognized in June, then spread partially or extensively in field. Growth was apparently delayed but seemed to be recovered on the surface thereafter in many cases. The dead plant was very rare. In the direct sowing cultivation, growth disorders did not occur just after shooting (sowing: from the middle of April until early in May) and occurred first in June. Typical symptoms of disorder were delay of growth, yellowing of new leaves, reddening of the edge of leaves and shortening and browning of roots. In severe cases plants disappeared in wide spaces. 2) In paper-pot planting cultivation, soil pH and degree of Ca and base saturation in soils where disorders occurred were significantly lower than those in normal fields. On the contrary exchangeable acidity (y_1) of disordered fields was apparently higher than that of normal fields. Leaf length in July and final root yield were closely related with these chemical properties (soil pH, degree of Ca and base saturation and exchangeable acidity (y_1)). These results showed that the main cause of growth disorders in early stage of paper-pot planting was derived from soil acidity. 3) In the direct sowing cultivation, soil pH and degree of Ca and base saturation in soils where disorders occurred were significantly lower than those in normal fields. Exchangeable acidity (y_1) of disordered fields was significantly higher than that of normal fields. But in some cases, growth disorders were observed even in reasonable soil pH, more than 5.5. This suggested that the cause of growth disorders in direct sowing cultivation might involve other complicated factors. But the main factor that caused growth disorder seemed to be derived from soil acidity. 4) Year by year the soil in upland fields became acidic in Hokkaido. This promoted the appearance of growth disorders in many fields of sugar beet cultivation. So it is important to maintain the soil acidity in sugar beet cultivation.
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Masanobu Shigezumi, Yasumasa Kitta, Shozo Kubo, Tsuyomi Mizuochi
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
383-390
Published: August 05, 2002
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We developed two methods for the evaluation of the available silica in paddy soil on the assumption that two forms of available silica exist in paddy soil. One is the exchangeable form of silica, adsorbed on the surface of soil particles, whose amount changes rapidly in equilibrium with the monomeric silica concentration of soil solution. The other is the slow-release form that is mainly bound with iron and aluminum and released by reduction or chelate action. The proposed methods are as follows: 1) The phosphate buffer method (PB method) A 0.02 M phosphate buffer (NaHPO_4:Na_2HPO_4=50:50, pH 6.9-7.0) is used as an extractant. Weigh 1 g of air-dried fine soil into a 25 mL shaking bottle, add 10 mL of PB, stand the bottle in a water bath at 40℃ for 5 h hand-shakings at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after start of incubation. The amount of silica extracted represents the exchangeable silica of the sample soil. 2) The phosphate buffer + EDTA buffer method (PBEDTA method) PBEDTA extractant (0.02 M PB + 0.04 M EDTA, pH 6.7-6.8) is made by mixing equal volumes of 0.04 M PB (NaHPO_4: Na_2HPO_4=50:50) and 0.08 M EDTAB (Na_2EDTA:Na_4EDTA=60:40). The extraction procedure is the same as for the PB method. The amount of silica extracted represents the sum of the exchangeable form and the slow-release form of available silica. 3) Extraction of soils for 30 min at 80℃ is suggested as an alternative rapid method for both the PB and PBEDTA methods.
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Shigeko Goto, Hiroaki Hayashi, Junko Yamagishi, Tadakatsu Yoneyama, Mi ...
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
391-396
Published: August 05, 2002
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Two Andosol field plots had been spread with two kinds of sewage sludge compost twice a year for twenty-odd years. since 1978, and corn (Zea mays L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown in summer and in winter every year, respectively. 1) The contents of zinc and cadmium in the upper soil horizon (0 to 10 cm depth) were increased during the first ten years by the application of H compost (sewage sludge compost mixed with rice husks) and S compost (sewage sludge compost mixed with sawdust) and thereafter, the rates of increase became small or non-existent during the next ten years. A similar pattern was found for lead in the plot amended with H compost. The contents of copper in the plots amended with H and S composts and lead in the plot with S compost were similar to the values in the original soil. 2) Lateral movements of zinc and cadmium in the soil were clearly observed at the borders of plots in the examination of the cross direction sampling over the borders, and movements were probably caused by a mechanical transfer of the soil during cultivation. 3) The total amounts of zinc found in the upper soil horizon in the H compost and neighboring chemical fertilizer plots were 53.4% and 6.5%, respectively, the zinc added by the H compost. The zinc in the chemical fertilizer plot was transferred by lateral movement from the H compost plot. About 43% of zinc added by the H compost was found in the middle soil horizon (10 to 20 cm depth) in our previous report. Thus, almost all zinc added by composts was retained in the agricultural land.
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Toshiro Nakatsuji, Teruo Matsunaka, Seiji Kiso
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
397-402
Published: August 05, 2002
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In order to determine the optimum water supply for dry matter production of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) during the first growing period, the effect of water supply in orchardgrass on growth was examined by analyzing the relation between the nitrogen uptake by orchardgrass and the yield components. The results were as follows. 1) The lack of water supply from the sprouting stage to the internode elongation stage (a period of about 20 d) resulted in a remarkable decrease in the yield of plants in pot experiments. 2) These findings were ascribed to the fact that the number of tillers per pot, which strongly affected the yield in the pot experiment, could not increase sufficiently throughout the experimental period, because the lack of water supply restricted nitrogen absorption by orchardgrass and then delayed the production of tillers. 3) Compared with the results of the pot experiment, the effect of. water supply on the growth of orchardgrass under field conditions was not appreciable, probably because of the presence of a large amount of water stored in soil, which was derived from melted snow. 4) The results obtained in the present study showed that the optimum water supply for dry matter production of orchardgrass during the first growing period extended from the sprouting stage to the internode elongation stage, namely during a period of about 20 d.
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Kentaro Orihara, Kiyomi Kamiyama, Shunrokuro Fujiwara
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
403-409
Published: August 05, 2002
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The little known about the heavy metal content in animal manure compost is one of the causes preventing the spread of the use of animal manure compost. Therefore, we investigated heavy metal content in the animal manure compost produced in Kanagawa, and made clear the characteristics and relationship with other fertilizer components. The data which were used for this study were from 112 cattle manure composts, 32 pig manure composts and 83 poultry manure composts. For each of these composts, we analyzed water, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, zinc, copper, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. There were more micronutrients such as zinc, copper and manganese in pig manure compost than cattle and poultry manure compost. In general there was little environmental pollution from heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. However, in some composts, zinc, copper, manganese and lead were contained in high concentration, and in particular cattle manure compost exceeded maximum recommended standard for sludge fertilizer and regulation value of the Fertilizer Control Law. This excess may have caused land pollution. We cannot estimate the heavy metal content in animal manure compost from other fertilizer ingredients, because there were no correlations with other ingredients. Therefore, we have to analyze it for each ingredient. The results of principal component analysis suggest that high density of heavy metal contained in the animal manure compost came from sub-materials. These days many strange materials are utilized as sub-material for the purpose of cost reduction and resource recycling. Therefore, we have to continue monitoring in order to accumulate data about heavy metal contained in animal manure compost.
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Sunao Itahashi, Kazuyoshi Yamada, Ryosuke Kimura
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
411-415
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Yasuhiro Yamakawa, Masahiko Saigusa
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
417-420
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Takuji Nakamura, Tsutomu Kanno, Yoshinari Ohwaki, Takayuki Ishikawa, C ...
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
421-425
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Toru Matoh, Kozue Sawada, Takao Fujii
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
427-431
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Mihoko Moriizumi, Kazunari Tsuchiya, Mizuhiko Nishida
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
433-436
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Yoshihiro Kaneta, Hideo Matsuhashi, Yasuo Kamada, Chikako Miura, Mitsu ...
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
437-440
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Hirofumi Nagai, Masashi Matsusaki, Shiro Fukuta, Masato Yamada, Masato ...
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
441-444
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Tomoaki Kawata, Atsushi Yatagai, Hiroshi Masujima
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
445-447
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Hideharu Nakajima
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2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
449-452
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Masanori Saito
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2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
453-458
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[in Japanese]
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2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Michinori Nishio
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
460-
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Article type: Bibliography
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
461-466
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Article type: Appendix
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
467-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2002 Volume 73 Issue 4 Pages
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