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Article type: Cover
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Michinori Nishio
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
721-730
Published: December 05, 2003
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1) Nitrogen flow of animal waste in Japan was estimated on the basis of national statistical data on the production of animal waste compost and on the compost application in crop production. 2) The following flow was estimated for nitrogen of 743 × 10^3 t excreted by all domestic animals in 1998. N volatilized as ammonia was 196×10^3, N in compost utillzed for crop production other than forage was 111 × 10^3, N in compost utilized for forage crop production was 34 × 10^3, N in compost utilized for other usages than agriculture was 101 × 10^3, N in burned animal waste was 9 × 10^3 and N input in soils of animal farms as slurry, discarded waste and percolated N during composting was 307 × 10^3 t. 3) N input in soils of animal farms as slurry, discarded waste and percolated N during composting and for production of forage crops was estimated to be 55% in dairy cattle, 51% in beef cattle, 29% in hogs and 54% in poultry of N excreted from the respective animals. N mineralized from N input In soils of animalfarms was calculated, and N load by animal production was defined as mineral N not absorbed by forage crops in animal farms. 4) The sums of N load by crop production (reported in the previous paper) and N load by animal production in the municipalities were shown to be a good indicator of nitrate pollution of shallow groundwater, because they showed good correlations (significant at p <0.01) with nitrate + nitrite-N levels in shallow wells in municipalities in Ibaraki Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture. 5) The sums of N load by crop and animal productions of all the prefectures were calculated using 2000 agricultural census data. Some prefectures had much higher N load for animal production than that for crop production and showed high potential risk of nitrate pollution of groundwater due to agricultural production.
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Toshiaki Kumei, Susumu Takai, Shigekata Yoshida, Shozo Kuwatsuka
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
731-736
Published: December 05, 2003
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Food industry sludge has low C/N for composting. In this investigation, composting tests of food industry sludge were attempted without addition of any organic materials for bulking agents. The relationship between chemical properties and plant growth inhibitory actions during the composting process was investigated in order to find out the proper criterion for the maturity of the compost. The sludge mixed with foam silicate particles (25% w/w) and solidifying agent ( 5 % w/w) was composted in a laboratory-scale reactor (36 L) under aeration conditions for 50 d. Plant growth inhibitory action of the compost was estimated by the komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. rapifera group) growth test. Ignition loss and concentration of ammonia gas in the exhaust from the reactor decreased with the lapse of composting. C/N of the compost increased after a temporary decrease. The NH_4^+ concentration in the water extract of the compost increased at early stage of composting while NO_3^- was not detected at all. Fatty acids with low molecular weight were detected only at the early stage of composting. The 〓logK of alkaline extract of the compost increased gradually. Chemical properties of the compost became stable after about 20 to 30 d of composting and the plant growth inhibitory action disappeared earlier than that. The main inhibitory factor seemed to be ammonia gas originating from compost. The change patterns of ignition loss, ammonia gas and 〓logK during composting process could be represented as simple functional curves and they were closely correlated with the plant inhibitory action. Therefore, they could be useful indexes for the maturity criteria of compost from food industry sludge.
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Akimasa Nakano, Yoichi Uehara, Akira Yamauchi
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
737-742
Published: December 05, 2003
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We examined the effects of chemical fertilizer and- compost application on the yields and sugar and mineral content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Saturn) in an isolated bed. Five treatments were conducted within a two-year period of 4 continuous croppings. CDU and LSR (Low-sulfate slow-release fertilizer) were used for the chemical fertilizer plots. A mixture of cattle manure and CDU (CM+CDU), a mixture of poultry manure and CDU (PM+CDU), and a mixture of cattle and poultry manure (PM+CM) plots were arranged as compost-using plots. We also measured the δ^<15>N values of tomatoes and the soils of each treatment, and estimated the correlation of the δ^<15>N values between fruits and soil to certify compost applied products. We did not find any reproductive differences in the yield or sugar content among the treatments. As to inorganic content of tomatoes, there were no significant differences except for Mg content among the plots. These results showed that it is difficult to assay regular benefit of organic fertilizer application to tomato yields and quality. On the other hand, δ^<15>N values of tomato fruits showed significant differences among fertilizer applications. δ^<15>N values of the chemical fertilizer were + 1.6 ‰ and -1.1 ‰ for CDU and LSR, respectivery. Those of mixture of chemical and compost were+ 12.2 ‰ and + 11.2 ‰ for CM+CDU and PM+CDU, respectively. The mixture of PM and CM showed the highest δ^<15>N values (+17.9 ‰) among the treatments. δ^<15>N values of the soils and fruits reflected those of the fertilizers and were positively correlated (R^2=0.89). It may be possible to use δ^<15>N values as an indicator of organic products by setting the threshold point, e.g. +5.0 ‰, to distinguish them from the products cultivated with chemical fertilizer.
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Tetsuo Yagi, Masayuki Tani
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
743-748
Published: December 05, 2003
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The application of organic matter to agricultural soils is believed to be effective for an increase in the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of soils; however, quite few attempts have so far been made at the detailed charge characteristics of soils affected by long-term organic matter application. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the CEC and anion-exchange capacity (AEC) of Andisols, where cattle manure and/or crop residues have been incorporated for 25 years, by using the repeated equilibration method, and to reveal the effect of continuous application of organic matter on the charge characteristics of Andisols. The CEC values measured by the repeated equilibration method of the organic matter applied soils were slightly higher than that of the soil without application of organic matter. The differences in the CEC values between these soils were approximately 20% in the slightly acidic range (pH 5.5) and less than 10% in the neutral range (pH 6.5) . When the usual amount of cattle manure (15 Mg ha^<-1>) has been incorporated, the increase in the CEC could not be expected in case of Andisols. On the other hand, the AEC values decreased remarkably with the continuous application of organic matter. These results could be induced by the change in the soil colloidal constituents after the long-term application of organic matter. The greater part of organic matter applied to the fields would remain in soils as microbial-resistant constituents without a positive interaction with soil mineral components. It was supposed that the appearance of the charge characteristics of the remnant organic matter should result in the slight increase in CEC and the remarkable decrease in AEC of Andisols.
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Masakazu Aoyama, Baoku Zhou, Masato Saitoh, Norihiko Yamaguchi
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
749-757
Published: December 05, 2003
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The effects of the application of lime-treated sewage sludge compost on soil chemical properties and soil organic matter (OM) were investigated using soils receiving lime-treated sewage sludge compost for four years at the rates of O, 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha^<-1> year^<-1>. The soils were subjected to chemical analyses and humus characterization, and were separated into four fractions of water-stable aggregates (>1000, 250-1000, 53-250, <53 μm) by slaking of air-dried soil followed by wet sieving. Particulate (>53 μm) and mineralassociated OM (<53 μm) were separated from water-stable aggregates larger than 53 μm by sieving following mechanical dispersion. The application of sewage sludge compost increased significantly the amount of exchangeable Ca^<2+>, and thus resulted in a considerable increase in the soil pH. It also increased signlficantly the amount of soil OM and induced changes in soluble-humus composition. With an increasing rate of compost application, the proportion of the sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP) -soluble fraction increased, while that of the NaOH-soluble fraction decreased. The analysis of humic acid (HA) showed that the application of sewage sludge compost did not affect significantly the humification degree or molecular size distribution of NaPP-soluble HA whereas it induced a significant decrease in the degree of humification and an accumulation of high molecular weight components of NaOH-soluble HA. The OM derived from the applied compost accumulated preferentially in water-stable macroaggregates as particulate OM, but had little effect on the formation of waterstable macroaggregates.
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Jun Miyamoto, Hiroaki Sumida, Masayuki Kawahigashi, Shigenori Morita, ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
759-771
Published: December 05, 2003
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The climate of Tokunosima Island was classified as humid subtropical, judging from warmth-index and humidity-index. Chemical and mineralogical properties of 5 pedons (No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) with buried humic horizons, which existed on dolines derived from coral limestone in southern part of Tokunosima Island were obtained. These soil properties showed clear differences between No. l, 2, 3 and No. 4, 5. Soil reactions of buried horizons were acidic in No. 1, 2, 3 and weak alkaline in No. 4, 5. Phosphate retention of these horizons was higher than 90% in No. 1, 2, 3, while that in No. 4, 5 was less than 60%. Buried humic horizons of No. l, 2, 3 showed lower bulk density (<0. 9 g cm^<-3>) and higher clay content (55-80%) than those of No. 4, 5 with high bulk density (1. 1-1.4 g cm^<-3>), and with low clay content (20-30%). The dominant clay minerals of buried humic horizons were allophane in No. l, 2, 3 while those in No. 4, 5 were vermiculite and kaolin minerals. Humus In buried horizons was substantially complex with aluminum in No. l, 2, 3 and was mainly bonded with calcium in No. 4, 5. Buried humic horizons in No. l, 2, 3 and No. 4, 5 were consistent with Andic Horizon, and Mollic Horizon defined in the soil classification system of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) , respectively. The parent material of buried humic horizons in No. l, 2, 3 could be supplied from Ioutorisima Island located at 60 km west of Tokunosima Island.
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Yasuo Ozaki, Morihiro Maeda, Hiroaki Sekiguchi
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
773-780
Published: December 05, 2003
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As nitrate-nitrogen is included in the environmental quality standards for protecting human health, it is necessary to develop an easy and accurate method to monitor nitrogen leaching in upland fields. In this study, we developed tension capillary lysimeters (TCL) that can control suction pressures arbitrarily, and investigated nitrogen leaching in upland fields for two years and six months. The following results were obtained: 1) We developed two types of TCLs to monitor nitrogen leaching in upland fields. One is an equilibrium tension capillary lysimeter (TCLR) that is designed to maintain equilibrium between lysimeter suction and soil matric potential. The other is a constant suction pressure type, which collects percolating water continuously at constant suction pressures (3.9, 6.2 and 9.8 kPa). 2) Percolating water collection quantity 384 L m^<-2> of TCLR agreed with the experimental results of 404 L m^<-2> by Hasegawa and Eguchi (Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 46, 227-236, 2002), and it was proven that TCLR could efficiently collect percolating water. 3) Percolating water collection quantity of TCLCs that had the suction pressures of 3.9, 6.2 and 9.8 kPa were 102, 254 and 431 L m^<-2>, respectively. 4) Total nitrogen concentration in percolating water was significantly reduced when Italian ryegrass was grown without fertilizer application.
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Keiichi Murakami, Hideshi Shinoda, Rie Maruta, Itsuo Goto
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
781-786
Published: December 05, 2003
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As part of the comprehensive control of clubroot disease, the chemical properties and resting spore density in soils were analyzed in 193 fields of four production areas of cruciferous vegetables. Averages of the resting spore density in each area ranged from 1.4×10^5g^<-1> to 3.4 × 10^5 g^<-1> to 3.4 × 10^5 g^<-1> and, there was no remarkable difference among these four areas. In the fields of Tsumagoi Village in Gunma Prefecture, no noteworthy damage from clubroot disease could be found despite the low soil pH values because a thick and effective topsoil layer and wide rhizosphere were observed. In Tokyo's Mitaka City, the degree of the clubroot disease index varied remarkably depending on soil pH values. In Mihara-cho in Hyogo Prefecture, Chinese cabbage was cultivated as a secondary crop in the paddy fields. In such wet soils, it proved impossible to suppress the clubroot disease even when the soil pH value exceeded 7. Although the resting spore density in the soils of Nobeyama in Nagano Prefecture was higher than in other areas, there was no sign of intense clubroot infection in the fields because of high soil pH. The resting spores were not detected in the subsoil of Nobeyama, Mihara-cho, or Mitaka City. In those areas, the subsoil was more compacted by using rotary cultivators. In addition, a lot of available phosphate was detected in the surface soil. While the nutrient content of the soils of Tsumagoi Village was less than those in the other areas, their physical condition was better because the fields were plowed every year. However, the resting spores were detected even in the subsoil. As mentioned above, it was shown that the degree of the clubroot disease index varied remarkably according to differences in the physical and chemical properties of soils, though the densities of the resting spores in the cultivated layer of the four areas were almost the same. In conclusion, the effective countermeasures against clubroot disease are to raise the soil pH level to over 7 and to reduce the resting spore density to under 10^4 g^<-1>.
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Masayuki Tani, Takayuki Sato, Renzo Kondo
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
787-792
Published: December 05, 2003
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The soil solutions in surface peat soils were collected by using four methods : the peatland water method (PW), by which the seepage water in a pit of peatland was collected, then porous cup method with suction (PC), the centrifugation method (CF), and the water extraction method (WE). Each collecting method was repeated 4 times in a square section (2 m × 2 m) under the same vegetation. Two peatlands developed around the coastal area at the Pacific seaboard of eastern Hokkaido were selected in this study. The aquatic quality and inorganic ion concentration in the soil solutions were analyzed, and their coefficients of variation (CV) and their relation to the properties of peat samples were examined. 1) The physico-chemical properties of peat samples collected from four sites in each square section were not different significantly, while the aquatic qualities and inorganic ion concentration of soil solution samples in the same sections were considerably different among the sampling methods. The aquatic qualities of soil solution collected by using PC, CF, and WE methods, where physical forces were applied to some extent, in particular varied widely and were affected by the indices for the decomposition degree of peat samples. The optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the soil solution also differed according to the method of collection. 2) The CV values of the aquatic qualities in each square section ranged from 5 to 93% and differed remarkably, depending on the sampling methods. The method with the least CV in the aquatic qualities of soil solution was the PW method. 3) The PW and PC methods, which could be applied in situ and would reflect the movement of water and nutrient cycling in surface peat soils, were considered to be most suitable for collecting soil solution in peatlands.
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Tadashi Ando, Hiroshi Fujii, Tsuyoshi Hayasaka, Katsushi Yokoyama, Shi ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
793-795
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Yoshikazu Kiriiwa, Takaharu Nakano, Akio Morita, Hiromi Yokota
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
797-800
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Nizamidin Kuruban, Masami Nanzyo, Yoji Amano, Naoharu Mizuno
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
801-804
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Masao Fujita, Shinji Iwaishi, Toshio Minami, Yasuko Matsuda, Shizuo Fu ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
805-808
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Masao Saeki, Koki Toyota
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
809-811
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Yasuhito Hayashi, Seiichi Niizuma, Shozo Kubo
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
813-816
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Katsuhiko Nagasaka, Toshio Hanagata, Atsushi Matsuno, Kouichi Kinoshit ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
817-821
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Shizuka Mori, Yasushi Shibata, Katsushi Yokoyama, Tadashi Ando, Hirosh ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
823-825
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Hiroshi Fujii, Ho Ando
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
827-830
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Hiroshi Fujii, Katsushi Yokoyama, Shizuka Mori, Tadashi Ando, Ho Ando
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
831-833
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Hiroyuki Shiga
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
835-838
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Shuichi Hasegawa
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
839-844
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Shigeru Takahashi
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
845-849
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Kyoichi Ohashi
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
851-852
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Yoshinori Aoyama
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
853-854
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Makoto Kimura
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Michinori Nishio
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Michinori Nishio
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
859-862
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
863-864
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Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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[in Japanese]
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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[in Japanese]
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
A1-A5
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
C1-C4
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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2003 Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages
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