Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages Cover1-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages Cover2-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages App1-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_App1

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Methane Emission from Rice Paddy Fields after Upland Farming

Katsumi Kumagai, Yoichi Konno

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 333-339
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_333

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Methane emissions from an irrigated paddy field which had been drained for upland farming for about 8 y (restore plot: plot R) were compared with those from a paddy field which had been continuously cultivated every year (continuous plot: plot C). The paddy field was always flooded during cultivation season and rice straw was applied to the paddy field except for the first year after upland farming. The production of CH_4 from soil and the eluviation of CH_4 in these plots were also measured. 1) The total amount of CH_4 emissions during the cultivation season from plot R were 16.96 (the first year after upland farming), 92.69 (the second year) and 43.01 g CH_4 m^<-2> (the third year). These rates were 45, 214 and 127% of the methane emission rates from plot C, respectively. 2) The total amount of CH_4 in underdrained water from plot R during the first and second year cropping seasons after upland farming was 1.68 and 0.41 g CH_4 m^<-2>, respectively. These rates were 32 and 23% of the total amount of CH_4 from plot C, respectively. 3) The production rates in the 4-5 cm layer of plot R about 60 d after flooding were 0.46 (first year after upland farming), 5.15 (second year) and 1.44 μg C g^<-1> d^<-1> (third year). These rates were 69, 55 and 143% of the production rates in plot C, respectively.

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Relationship between α-Glucosidase Activity, Microbial Biomass and Physical Properties in the Volcanic Ash Soils Distributed in the Central Part of Hokkaido

Masatoshi Okumura, Ken-ichi Mino, Naomichi Miki, Keijiro Suzuki, Masah ...

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 340-347
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_340

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The actual conditions of α-glucosidase activity (α-G) as an index of microbial activity, and also microbial biomass (BM) in the volcanic ash soils distributed in the central part of Hokkaido (Central Hokkaido) were estimated in 1995 and 1996. Then, the relationship between α-G, BM and soil physical properties was discussed. α-G and BM in the volcanic ash soils in the Tokachi district of Hokkaido (Tokachi) were used for comparison. 1) The average values of α-G in Andic Regosols (c-AR) and Humic Andosols (c-HA) in Central Hokkaido in both years ranged from 240 to 280 pmol g^<-1> min^<-1> and from 420 to 470, respectively. They were pretty much lower than those in Ochric Andosols (604) and Humic Andosols (624) in Tokachi in 1995.2) The volume of biomass C (BM-C) in c-AR and c-HA was 35 and 110 mg C kg^<-1>, respectively. These volumes were less than half of the values in the above two soils in Tokachi. BM-C per total C was also less than that in Tokachi, but qCO_2 was contrary. 3) α-G was positively correlated with BM-C, BM-N and CO_2 release from the soil (CO_2-C). The volume of CO_2-C in Central Hokkaido was mostly lower than that in Tokachi. a-G per CO_2-C was also a little lower. Then, factors affecting low α-G in Central Hokkaido would be small amounts of substrate and biomass, and also low relative activity. 4) α-G and BM-C were positively correlated with the liquid phase ratio through the above four soils. They were positively the correlated with the solid phase ratio only in c-AR, whereas they were negatively correlated with the solid phase ratio in the two soils in Tokachi. Also, they were negatively correlated with the air phase ratio in c-AR. α-G and BM-C, through the two soils in Central Hokkaido, were positively correlated with clay content. 5) Soil physical properties in Central Hokkaido are sandy and low water retention. α-G was higher in treatments with perlite or bentonite, which were amended to c-AR, so water retention was also another factor affecting microbial activity.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 347-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_347

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Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on Salt Accumulation in Soil and Mineral Contents of Alfalfa in the United Arab Emirates

Yoshikazu Kiriiwa, Koichi Ozawa, Hiromi Yokota, Yoshihisa Zaitsu, Hiro ...

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 348-354
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_348

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is located southeast of the Arabian Peninsula, and the harsh climate is not suitable for agriculture. However, agriculture has been encouraged and the cultivation area has considerably increased. The main problem of agriculture in the UAE is the shortage and high salinity of groundwater resources for irrigation. In this study, the present condition of irrigation water salinty and the effect of irrigation water quality on salt accumulation in soil and mineral contents of alfalfa was investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Agricultural areas were divided into 8 sections and irrigation water quality was compared. The mean EC values of irrigation water in these areas were considerably different and were between 1.34-9.72 dS m^<-1> The EC of irrigation water was lower in areas near the mountains in the northeast region. There was a tendency of the EC values of irrigation water in 1992 and 1993 to be higher than those in 1978. 2) Soil samples were collected from farms with basin and drip irrigation methods. The EC values of saturated soil extracts increased with the increase of EC in the irrigation water, and this tendency was higher in soil from farms with drip irrigation as compared to basin irrigation. Seventy-five percent of the soil samples from farms using basin irrigation showed EC values below 5 dS m^<-1>. 3) Obvious differences were not observed in mean, maximum and minimum EC values of irrigation water from the farms cultivating dates, egg plant, tomatoes, cabbage or alfalfa. The mean EC values of irrigation water for cabbage and egg plant were slightly higher than those for date palms, alfalfa and tomatoes. 4) Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in alfalfa leaves were siginificantly affected by EC or cations in irrigation water or saturated soil extract.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 354-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_354

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Extracting Condition of Soil Nitrogen with Phosphate-Buffered Solution in Connection with Extractable Soil Nitrogen

Masashi Yanai, Masashi Uwasawa, Takamitsu Konno, Yoshiaki Shimizu

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 355-364
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_355

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To estimate the amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions, the extracting condition of soil nitrogen with phosphate-buffered solution was investigated. 1) The amount of soil nitrogen extracted with neutral 1/15 mol L^<-1> phosphate-buffered solution were divided into the first component of extractable soil nitrogen within 15 min (N1) and the second component of extractable soil nitrogen over 15 min (N2). The increase of N2 component up to 12 h is showed by first-order reaction. The amount of extracted soil nitrogen from 30 min to 2 h was denoted by N1+extracting hour × k ×N2, with k representing the constant rate. Therefore, the extracting time was optional from 30 min to 2 h. But, we proposes 1-h extraction. 2) Arrhenius's law can be applied to the amount of soil nitrogen extracted with neutral 1/15 mol L^<-1> phosphate-buffered solution within the extracting temperature-range of 10-30℃, and it is possible to convert the amount of extracted soil nitrogen at any extracting temperature within 10-30℃ to the amount at standard extracting temperature (i. e., 20℃) with the value of the activating energy (24.3 kJ mol^<-1>). So the amount of extracted soil nitrogen should be represented by the converted amount at 20℃ (standard temperature) using Arrhenius's law. 3) The correlation between amounts of extracted soil nitrogen and amounts of available nitrogen incubated under waterlogged conditions became lower when phosphate concentration of the buffer solution increased to 2/15 or 4/15 mol L^<-1> and potassium chloride was added to the neutral 2/15 mol L^<-1> phosphate-buffered solution; when the pH of the buffer solution decreased to 5.0 from 7.0 in case of Andosol soil samples; and when the soil: solution ratio changed to 1 : 20 from 1 : 5 except for Andosol and Yellow soil samples. 4) From the above results, to estimate the amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions from that of extracted soil nitrogen, 1-h continuous shaking, a 1 : 5 ratio of soil : solution, and a pH 7.0 buffer solution with 1/15 mol L^<-1> phosphate concentration and without potassium chloride are suitable. 5) Under the above method, in the case of Andosol, Gray Lowland and Gley soil samples, it was possible to estimate the amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions from that of extracted soil nitrogen. However, in the case of Wet Andosol and Yellow soil samples, it was difficult to estimate the amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions. Detailed research is necessary for these two kinds of soil groups.

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Relationship between Amounts of Extracted Soil Nitrogen with Phosphate-Buffered Solution and Those of Available Nitrogen Released under Waterlogged Conditions : Efficiency of Dividing Soil Samples into Several Groups by Taxonomical Group, Soil Chemical Properties and History of Soil Management

Masashi Yanai, Masashi Uwasawa, Takamitsu Konno, Yoshiaki Shimizu

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 365-370
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_365

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The efficiency of dividing soil samples into several groups by taxonomical group, soil chemical properties and history of soil management were investigated to estimate more efficiently the amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions using phosphate-buffered solution. As the indicators of soil chemical properties, C/N ratio, phosphate absorption coefficient, free iron oxide, extractable iron and manganese with pH 3-ammonium acetate, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were investigated. 1) The relationship between amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions and amount of extractable nitrogen showed higher correlation when we divided Andosol soil samples into two groups by the phosphate absorption coefficient at 18 g kg^<-1> Wet Andosol soil samples could not be divided clearly. 2) The relationship between amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions and amount of extractable nitrogen showed higher correlation, when we divided Yellow soil samples into two groups by CEC at 20 cmol(+) kg^<-1> 3) The relationship between amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions and amount of extractable nitrogen showed higher correlation in Gray Lowland soil samples when we exclude the soil samples below the sum of pH 3-ammonium acetate extractable iron and manganese oxidation-reduction equivalence at 2 mmol kg^<-1> The relationship between amount of available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions and amount of extractable nitrogen showed higher correlation when we divided Gley soil samples into two groups by the sum of pH 3-ammonium acetate extractable iron and manganese oxidation-reduction equivalence at 4 mmol kg^<-1>.

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Relationship between Absorbance of Soil Extracted Solution with Phosphate-Buffered Solution and Amount of Available Soil Nitrogen Released under Waterlogged Conditions

Masashi Yanai, Masashi Uwasawa, Takamitsu Konno, Yoshiaki Shimizu

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 371-378
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_371

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The effects of extracting temperature on the absorbance of soil extracted solution with neutral 1/15 mol L^<-1> phosphate-buffered solution were investigated. The efficiency of dividing soil samples into several groups by taxonomical group, soil chemical properties and history of soil management was also investigated to estimate more efficiently the amount of soil available nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions from the absorbance of soil extracted solution with phosphate-buffered solution. As the indicators of soil chemical properties, C/N ratio, phosphate absorption coefficient, amounts of free iron oxide, extractable iron and manganese with pH 3-ammonium acetate, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were investigated. 1) The absorbance (420 nm) of soil extracted solution with phosphate-buffered solution increased as extracting temperature rised. However, Arrhenius's law could be applied to the increasing absorbance, and it was possible to convert absorbance at any extracting temperature within 10-30℃ into absorbance at standard temperature (i. e., 20℃) with the value of the activating energy (31.8 kJ mol^<-1>). So the absorbance of soil extracted solution should be represented by the converted value at 20℃ using Arrhenius's law. 2) The relationship between amount of available soil nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions and absorbance of soil extracted solution showed a higher correlation when we divided soil samples into 2 or 3 groups as follows. Andosol soil samples were divided into two groups by the phosphate absorption coefficient at 18 g kg^<-1>. Yellow soil samples were divided into two groups by CEC at 20 cmol(+)kg^<-1>. Gray Lowland soil samples were divided into 3 groups by the amount of free iron oxide (i. e., below 13 g kg^<-1> and 20 g kg^<-1> or over). Gley soil samples were divided into groups by the total amount of pH 3-ammonium acetate extractable iron and manganese oxidation-reduction equivalence (i. e., 4 mmol kg^<-1> or over). 3) From the above results, the amount of available soil nitrogen released under waterlogged conditions could be estimated simply and rapidly from the absorbance of soil extracted solution in the case of some series of soil groups without the decomposing soil extracted solution and without determining the amount of soil nitrogen in the soil extracted solution.

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Variation of Hardness of Boiled Common Beans (Kintoki) in Relation to Capability for Nimame (Seasoned Boiled Beans) Processing

Jun Kato, Takashi Meguro

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 379-385
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_379

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Kintoki beans are the most popular common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) in Japan. They are used to make seasoned boiled beans (Nimame) by cooking with a syrup containing sugar and salt. The measuring conditions of the hardness of boiled Kintoki beans by reometer ('Tensipresser') were established, and variations in the hardness of boiled beans were investigated. The hardness of cotyledon was measured as the maximum force of compression by a plunger 11.25 mm in diameter. The hardness of the seed coat was measured as the maximum force of sticking by a plunger 2.50 mm in diameter. The hardnesses of the boiled beans varied among varieties. Making a comparison with the leading variety, 'Taisyo-kintoki', 'Fukumasari' was lower and 'Hokkai-kintoki' and 'Tancho-kintoki' were higher in the hardness of cotyledon. 'Fukumasari' was lowest in the hardness of seed coat among these four major varieties. The hardnesses of boiled beans varied among harvest years and the district of cultivation, although a significant difference was not detected among soil types or soils with different physicochemical properties. Making a comparison between the samples of differing harvest years, the hardness of seed coat tended to be higher when the seed size was small and the weight ratio of the seed coat was high. The hardness of cotyledon and seed coat tended to be lower when the content of protein was low and the content of starch was high. It was suggested that the variation in the hardness of boiled beans among harvest years was correlated with climatic factors such as precipitation and duration of sunshine.

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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils by Use of Multiple Disk Permeameters

Takanori Sakayori, Shuichi Hasegawa, Akimasa Nakano, Hidetaka Katou, E ...

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 386-394
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_386

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In situ hydraulic conductivities were obtained by use of multiple disk permeameters after the method of Smettem and Clothier (1989), and were compared with steady-state, unsaturated hydraulic conductivities determined on undisturbed core samples in the wetting process. Disk permeameters were 82.4, 117.2 and 191 mm in diameter and applied suctions at the soil surface were 3.0 and 15.0 cm. Five and three measurements were replicated in the field and laboratory, respectively. Field measurements were conducted for surface soil (CL), plowsole (CL-LiC) and 100-cm deep (LiC) volcanic ash soil and for surface soils of another volcanic ash soil (L-CL), weathered granite soil (LiC) and yellow soil (SL). The coefficient of variance (CV) of hydraulic conductivities determined by the disk permeameter method was always higher than obtained by the steady-state method. When the CV for the disk permeameter method was less than 100%, the hydraulic conductivities of both methods agreed well. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the core samples was of the same magnitude of hydraulic conductivity at 3 cm suction, indicating the absence of large pores such as drying cracks in the soil. Hydraulic conductivities of the soils decreased to 1/2 to 1/5 when applied suction changed from 3 to 15 cm. The disk permeameter method was, therefore, an excellent tool to measure rapidly hydraulic conductivitiy near saturation under field conditions.

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Changes of Phosphatic Chemical Composition of Soils Accompanied by Paddyfication in the North-east of China

Yaozong Jiang, Qiaomu Li, Kazutoshi Saeki, Satoshi Matsumoto

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 395-397
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_395

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Influence of Iron and Aluminum Oxides in Volcanic Ash Soils on Microbial Biomass : (1) Influence of Iron and Aluminum Hydroxides on the Amount of Soluble Carbon and Nitrogen from Soils Microbial Biomass

Guan Gang, Takuya Marumoto, Masaya Nishiyama

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 398-402
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_398

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Research Strategy in Solving Problems on Extending the Nitrogen Fixation Ability to Major Nonleguminous Plants. : 2. N_2 Fixation in the Rhizosphere and in the Plant

Tadakatsu Yoneyama, Shoichiro Akao

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 403-409
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_403

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Problems in Application of Mathematical Statistics on Soil Science and Plant Nutrition in Japan. : 1. The Outline of the Problems and Objectives of This Paper

Tomoyuki Hakamata, Tetsuhisa Miwa, Kouji Yamamura

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 410-415
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_410

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Questionnaire for Students before and after Studying Soil Science

Kazuhiko Egashira

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 416-418
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_416

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 419-423
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_419

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 424-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_424

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 425-426
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_425

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 427-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_427

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages App2-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_App2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages Cover3-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_Cover3

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages Cover4-
Published: August 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.69.4_Cover4

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