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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Yasuko Yao, Kaoru Satoh, Tatsuhito Takahashi, Tadakatsu Yoneyama
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
805-810
Published: December 05, 2005
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K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7 was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage. The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7 in water. The surface analysis of K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7 particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7 particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K_2Ca_2Si_2O_7 particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last. From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds.
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Toru Tsuchida, Yoshihiko Takahashi, Norikuni Ohtake, Takuji Ohyama, Ma ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
811-816
Published: December 05, 2005
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The application method of liquid fertilizer with irrigation water was tested in large scale paddy fields using a newly developed fertilizer supplier which can make a supplying rate of liquid fertilizer constant. Uniformity of fertilization, change in the nitrogen concentration of flooded water and absorption of applied nitrogen by paddy rice were examined. High uniformity of fertilization was achieved with this method as compared with a conventional broadcast application of granular fertilizer, or an inflow fertilization of granule-like fertilizer with irrigation water. When urea was applied as liquid fertilizer, the fertilizer-N disappeared quickly from ponding water under shallow conditions of ponding water depth. In the case of the same depth of ponding water, the rate of reduction was large under conditions of large permeability of water. The nitrogen utilization rates of urea and ammonium sulfate labeled with ^<15>N were not related to the depth of ponding water at the time of fertilization. When ammonium sulfate was supplied the nitrogen utilization rate was around 50% regardless of fertilization conditions; however, the urea-N utilization rate fell to 40% or less at a permeability of ponding water of 0.8cm day^<-1> or less, while it increased to 50% equivalent to ammonium sulfate, at 0.8cm day^<-1> or more permeability.
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Yasuhiro Hamanaka, Koki Toyota, Kyoko Hayashi-Ikeda
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
817-824
Published: December 05, 2005
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Disease incidence of crown and root rot of tomato, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici J3 (FOL J3) was significantly lower in a soil (CC-soil) amended with coffee compost and chemical fertilizers (CF) than in a soil (CF-soil) amended with only CF. Germination of microconidia of various plant-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains was consistently lower in the CC-soil than in the CF-soil, suggesting that the CC-soil possessed a higher degree of fungistasis. When the CC-soil was supplemented with rifampicin and kanamycin, germination of FOL J3 didn't increase, suggesting that the higher degree of fungistasis in the CC-soil may not be of bacterial origin. The substrate-induced respiration inhibition method demonstrated that the CC-soil possessed higher microbial activity and was dominated by fungi. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the microbial community structure of the two soils was different. Fungal mycelia were isolated from the soils and the effect of the isolates on soil fungistasis was examined. Three isolates, all belonging to F. oxysporum out of 49 showed strongest suppressive effect on the germination of FOL J3 and two isolates suppressed Fusarium crown and root rot disease when they were inoculated into autoclaved CC-soil. These results might suggest that the isolates close to F. oxysporum were responsible for highly fungistatic capability in the CC-soil and were a possible source for disease suppression.
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Futami Yamamoto, Tsuneo Matsumaru
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
825-831
Published: December 05, 2005
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This study was carried out to clarify the effects of soil nitrate before cultivation and amounts of basal-dressed nitrogen on additional N application rate and yields of semi-forced tomato for three years from 1998 to 2000. The amounts and timing of additional N dressing were determined based on diagnosis of petiole sap nitrate. The top-dressing was carried out with a liquid fertilizer when the nitrate concentration of a leaflet's petiole sap of leaf beneath fruit which is 2-4cm declined below 2000mg L^<-1>. For standard yield by the method of fertilizer application based on this condition, no basal-dressed nitrogen was required when soil nitrate before cultivation was 150mg kg^<-1> dry soil or higher in the 0-30cm layer; 38kg ha^<-1> of basal-dressed nitrogen, which corresponds to 25% of the standard rate of fertilizer application of Chiba Prefecture, was optimum when soil nitrate before cultivation was 100-150mg kg^<-1> dry soil; 75kg ha^<-1> of basal-dressed nitrogen, which corresponds to 50% of the standard, was optimum when soil nitrate before cultivation was under 100mg kg^<-1> dry soil. A standard yield was secured and the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application decreased by 49-76% of the standard by keeping the nitrate concentration of tomato petiole sap between 1000-2000mg L^<-1> from early harvest time to topping time under these conditions.
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Rumiko Kodashima, Noriharu Ae, Noriko Kikkouji, Shingo Matsumoto
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
833-841
Published: December 05, 2005
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In order to learn the status of available soil nitrogen (N), two sequential extraction methods (A and B) were tested. Proposed methods are as follows. (A) Extraction with water, KCl, acetic acid, 1/15 M phosphate buffer, sulfuric acid, and NaOH. (B) Extraction with water, KCl, 0.01M sulfuric acid, 0.1M sulfuric, 0.2M sulfuric acid and 0.4M sulfuric acid. 1) NO_3-N was only detected in a solution extracted with water. Major N in an extract with KCl was in ammonium form. Extracts with phosphate buffer and sulfuric acid contained organic-N only. When these two fractions were examined by size exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC), only one major peak in each extract appeared. 2) Minerals, such as Al and Fe in each extract were determined using ICP (Varian Co., Ltd.). With the increase in concentration of sulfuric acid, the high Fe concentration in each extract increased. On the other hand, much higher Al was found in extracts with lower concentrations of sulfuric acid compared to Fe. 3) Though some crop species such as spinach and carrot show the potential to take up organic-N in a soil applied with organic matter, this sequential soil-nitrogen extraction method may be useful to evaluate availability of soil nitrogen fertility with more accuracy compared to conventional methods in the case of these superior crop species.
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Nobuyuki Miura, Noriharu Ae
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
843-848
Published: December 05, 2005
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Leaching of organic nitrogen by heavy application of organic matter was examined using 2 types of columns (same diameter of 5.1, 20 and 60cm long) which were filled with three different Andosols (A: soil from a tea plantation field of heavy application of organic matter, B: soil from a field receiving organic matter for only two years at 40Mg ha^<-1> year^<-1>, C: soil from a field receiving no organic matter before). A mixture of 100Mg ha^<-1> of chicken dung and 2.0Mg ha^<-1> of rapeseed cake was added to the surface soil layer of each column. These soil columns were watered three times for every 5 days. Our findings were as follows: In the percolating water from the 20 and 60cm columns filled with soil A, the 20cm column filled with soil B and 20cm column filled with soil C, water soluble organic nitrogen was found. This organic nitrogen in the percolated water had the same molecular weight as PEON (Phosphate buffer Extractable Organic Nitrogen), and it was confirmed by HPSEC. These peaks by HPSEC corresponding to PEON were correlated with the protein concentration detected by the protein assay method. This implies that leaching of PEON increased in the field receiving the high amount of organic matter. It was after the 2nd watering processing that the PEON was found in the percolating water of the 20cm column filled with soil C, and leaching of the PEON was slower than that of the two soil columns filled with soils A and B from fields receiving organic matter. But, in percolated water from 60cm columns filled with soils B and C from common fields, organic nitrogen was not found. This result suggests that the PEON was increased at the surface soil layer in the case of heavy application of organic matter in a field and some portion of the PEON was leached under rainfall to the deep soil layer. Although PEON exists as fixed forms with iron and/or aluminum in a soil, when a high amount of organic matter was fertilized to a soil, excess free PEONs which are not fixed with iron and/or aluminum in a soil can become water-soluble and leached out.
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Yasuhiro Mishiro, Katsumi Ohta, Shingo Matsumoto
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
849-857
Published: December 05, 2005
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To evaluate the effects of differences in nitrogen composition in paste-like fertilizers applied as side dressing, growth and nitrate concentration of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. crispa) grown in containers were examined and compared to standard fertilization using a compound fertilizer (standard, N, P_2O_5 and K_2O applied to the soil at a rate of 120mg kg^<-1>). Three kinds of paste-like fertilizer, which differ in nitrogen source, i. e. urea, a 1:1 mixture of urea and residual liquid with fermented molasses (RLFM) and RLFM, were applied to the soil as side dressing at a rate that was 20% below the standard. Dry matter production and N uptake in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizers was comparable to that treated with standard fertilizer, while the nitrate concentration in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizers was lower than that treated with standard fertilizer. Among the paste-like fertilizers, the nitrate concentration in spinach decreased with the increasing rate of RLFM, in which the major N sources were composed of proteins and amino acids. To understand the possible explanation for better growth and low nitrate concentration in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizer despite the lower application rate, N concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and organic N were assessed temporally by leaching water from fallow plots. At the initial time of incubation, the nitrate concentration in the leaching water from the standard fertilizer was higher than that from paste-like fertilizer treatments. The paste-like fertilizer composed of urea, however, showed a higher concentration of organic N which was supposed to be urea. The fertilized-N of the standard and paste-like fertilizer composed of urea might be immediately eluviated by irrigation. However, N concentration in the leaching water after treatments with paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM was lower than that of the former treatments, suggesting that fertilized-N might remain localized. The amount of N eluviated during incubation showed a negative correlation with the viscosity of the paste-like fertilizer. The highest viscosity was observed in the paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM, followed by a 1:1 mixture of urea and RLFM, and the paste-like fertilizer composed of urea was the lowest in viscosity. Therefore, it was suggested that the paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM or a 1:1 mixture of urea and RLFM showed limited N leaching due to the high viscosity. Therefore, spinach could take up N efficiently.
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Hisatoshi Miyata, Hideo Ikeda
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
859-864
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Behavior of nitrogen in the media was investigated when the aqueous phase produced by methane fermentation was supplied as liquid fertilizer. When the aqueous phase was supplied to masa-soil, NH_4^+ included in masa-soil was nitrified to NO_3^-. Additionally, in masa-soil, NH_4^+ absorption was observed. On the other hand, in the case of coconut fiber and rockwool, NH_4^+ has been hardly nitrified. From above results, it was determined that NH_4^+ toxic effect from the aqueous phase on tomato plants growth was inhibited by means of the progress of nitrification and NH_4^+ absorption by masa-soil. However, nitrification was restrained so that NH_4^+ was fixed in masa-soil. On the other hand, in the sampled field soil, NH_4^+ was not fixed, and was nitrified immediately. In the field soil, there was a great deal of generated NO_3^- in comparison with masa-soil.
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Chun-Ming Gong, Junichi Koshida, Noriko Moriyama, Xiaodan Wang, Takezo ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
865-874
Published: December 05, 2005
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Occurrence and survival of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella) in various manure and compost samples collected from 23 composting facilities mostly in Kyushu were investigated by using selective media. Coliform bacteria were detected on desoxycholate agar from 11 (38%) of 29 product samples (15 cow dung manure, 4 poultry manure, 2 biosolid compost and 8 food waste compost) at a range of 10^2 to 10^6 cfu g^<-1> dry matter. From positive samples, 21 isolates of possible coliform bacteria were purified. Among them, species of coliform bacteria (E. coli, E. vulneria, Pantoea sp. and Buttiauxella agrestis) were identified whereas isolates of Serratia marcescens, not coliform bacteria, were also obtained, suggesting that careful observation was necessary to avoid false positive counting due to the presence of a red colony of S. marcescens that resembled coliform bacteria. Isolates of E. coli were tested for slide aggregation with a set of antiserum against pathogenic E. coli serotypes and negative reaction was obtained for all the isolates tested. Direct detection of E. coli on Chromocult coliform agar and Salmonella on MLCB agar resulted in none and 2 (17%) of 12 samples tested, respectively. The fate of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria as above was followed during compost production on 7 cases at 6 compost facilities and 4 patterns were observed: fecal-contamination indicator bacteria 1) decreased and finally disappeared, 2) decreased once but re-growth was occurred on products, 3) decreased to some extent but remained in products, 4) was not detected throughout production. These results suggest that some fecal-contamination indicator bacteria may survive compost production and appropriate temperature control would be significant for hygiene control of manure and compost.
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Hiromichi Inoue, Yoshiaki Umemiya, Yuri Nakamura
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
875-880
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The trace-element composition of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) was determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer in order to distinguish between Japanese products and Chinese products. Strontium and barium concentrations in the kernels of Chinese products were 10 or more times those of the Japanese ones. When based on 8.0mg kg^<-1> of strontium concentration in kernel, 93.2% of sample was distinguished as Japanese products or Chinese ones. Applying principal component analysis using 9 elements (Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Ba, Sr, Cu, Co, Cr), the pickled Japanese apricots tend to separate into two countries. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using 9 elements allowed a reasonable classification of pickled Japanese apricots according to the country of production. The result of the analysis of K-nearest neighbors (KNN) was better than that of LDA.
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Eiji Goto, Toshinari Igarasi, Osamu Inatu
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
881-889
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In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility. 2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment. 3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content. 4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application.
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Hideshi Shinoda, Keiichi Murakami, Itsuo Goto
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
891-896
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In order to elucidate the effect of converter furnace slag applied as a liming amendment and continuous cropping of Qing gin cai (Brassicae chinensis L.) or leaf daikon (Raphanus sativus) on the incidence of clubroot disease and the resting spore density in soil, pot cultivation tests were carried out. In the pot tests, pH (H_2O) was 5.2-6.1 in the non-application pot, and 7.1-7.6 in the pots receiving an application of converter furnace slag. A significant incidence of club-root disease was apparent in the non-application pots of Qing gin cai. The resting spore density in the soils decreased soon after harvesting, but then increased after mixing the infected roots and soils. On the other hand, the incidence of the disease was suppressed significantly, in application pots of continuously cropped Qing gin cai. Furthermore, the resting spore density in these soils decreased with repeated cultivation. These results agreed well with the results from field cultivation tests that the authors have already reported. Macfarlane has reported that the suppression mechanism of clubroot disease brought about by the amelioration of soil acidity is effected through the inhibition of resting spore germination. In this study, the decrease of resting spores density was associated with the cultivation of Qing gin cai under conditions of high soil pH. From these results, it is concluded that the suppression mechanism is caused by some phenomenon that occurs after the primary zoospore is infected with the root hair. Until now, avoidance of continuous cropping of susceptible cruciferous vegetables was promoted as one of the most fundamental countermeasures for the control of clubroot disease. However, continuous cropping of suceptible cruciferous vegetables will be a useful technique to decrease resting density specifically under conditions of high soil pH.
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Yasuyuki Sugiyama, Yuuji Emoto, Haruo Suzuki
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
897-900
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Rikiya Nira, Kazuhiko Atsumi, Naomichi Miyaji
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
901-904
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Akihiro Ikeda
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
905-908
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Jun Kato, Akio Sumino
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
909-912
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Susumu Asakawa
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
913-916
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Makoto Nakai
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
917-924
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Katsuji Watanabe, Masao Sakai
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
925-927
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Toshiro Watanabe
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
929-930
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Junji Ito
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
931-932
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[Author not found]
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
933-935
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Yosuke Yanai
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
937-938
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Kyoko Miwa
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
939-940
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
943-956
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
957-958
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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2005 Volume 76 Issue 6 Pages
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