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Article type: Cover
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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Naoto KATO, Takeo KOYAMA, Koichiro WATANABE, Yoshiyuki KOBAYASHI, Hiro ...
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
331-336
Published: August 05, 1995
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Plant-available P in two Humic Andosols with different P level (total soil P : 1.53 or 8.64 g P kg^<-1>) was evaluated by an A-value technique based on a ^<33>P isotopic dilution method. Before the field study, a P leaching experiment using ^<32>P-labelled fertilizer was carried out in a laboratory for safety assessment and it was predicted that the risk of radioactive contamination into groundwater was negligible. ^<33>P, having longer half-life and lower maximum β-ray energy than ^<32>P, was used for the field study to reduce the amount of radioisotope intended to be applied to the soils and to decrease radiation exposure during the field experiment. Not only calcium phosphate solution labelled with ^<33>P (^<33>P carrier solution) but also ^<33>P carrier-free solution was used to examine the effect of P fixation by the soils on plant-available P measurement by an isotopic dilution method (A-value). The ^<33>P-labelled solutions were incorporated in the soils cropped with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum LAMARCK) at 6 cm in depth, and the ryegrass was harvested at 36d after ^<33>P application. The A-values of the soils obtained with ^<33>P carrier solution were 300kg P ha^<-1> and 1420kg P ha^<-1> for a low P level soil and for a high P level soil, respectively, indicating that a large amount of plant-available P was accumulated in the soils. In the case of the low P level soil using ^<33>P carrier-free solution, more than 74.4% of applied P was fixed by the soil during the experiment and plant-available P was overestimated, whereas the effect of P-fixing on the A-value was negligible in the high P level soil. Air radiation dose rate in the field was level with background throughout the experiment. Radioactive contamination in soils and plants nearby the test field was not observed. It was concluded that ^<33>P was superior to ^<32>P for field studies from an environmental point of view.
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Fumie SHINMACHI, Isao HASEGAWA, Jinya YAZAKI
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
337-341
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We measured the riboflavin secretion of 19 plant species belonging to 7 families under the iron-deficiency condition. As a results, cucumber, melon, oriental melon, alfalfa, lettuce, chili pepper and pimento pepper roots secreted riboflavin as a result of iron deficiency. Their plant roots have a remarkably high ferric-reducing activity under the condition of iron deficiency, and their activities were similar in response to H^+_-ATPase inhibitors. From the above results, we considered that the ferric-reducing system with riboflavin secretion is the same in different plant species.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
341-
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Ken-ichi KANDA, Haruo TSURUTA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
342-347
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To clarify the factors controlling sulfur gas emission from plants, we studied the effect of temperature and light intensity on sulfur gas emitted from rice and soybean, and the effect of sulfur concentration in the nutrient solution on sulfur gas emitted from rice, soybean and Chinese cabbage under a laboratory experiment. CH_3SCH_3 (DMS) flux from rice and soybean increased exponentially with rising air temperature, and the activation energy for DMS flux from rice and soybean was 59700 and 96600 J mol^<-1>, respectively. DMS flux from rice and soybean also increased with light intensity to be 2.1 and 2.4 times, respectively. DMS flux from rice and CH_3SH flux from Chinese cabbage in the no nutrient sulfur plot were less than those in the sulfur-added plots, although DMS flux from soybean was not influenced by the nutrient sulfur level.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
347-
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Kazuyoshi IKUTA, Hideyasu FUJIYAMA, Takeo NAGAI
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
348-355
Published: August 05, 1995
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Nitrogen efflux at a small forested catchment was continuously observed in 1990 and 1991 in Hirusen Experimental Forest of Tottori University, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The mean concentration of nitrogen in stream water was O.88mg L^<-1> and that of inorganic nitrogen was 0.09 mg L^<-1>. More than 60% of the nitrogen in stream water was the soluble organic form. Nitrogen efflux correlated with the discharge rate (γ=0.946^<**>). When the nitrogen efflux was less than 10 mgs^<-1>, the observed nitrogen efflux was greater than the estimated nitrogen efflux from mid-May to early September, but the observed nitrogen efflux was less than the estimated nitrogen efflux from mid-September to early May. It was suggested that the processes of nitrogen effluence in this catchment might have shown a difference between these 2 seasons. Direct flow, throughflow and base flow were divided by a hydrograph separation method. Multiple regression analysis suggested that direct flow and throughflow increased nitrogen efflux during and after storm events. The multiple regression model slightly improved the accuracy of nitrogen efflux estimation compared to the L-Q model. It was suggested that changes of hydrologic pathways strongly influenced the variation of nitrogen efflux from this catchment.
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Tsuneyuki HASEGAWA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
356-364
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The amino acid concentration and composition of Melanudands and Fulvudands were analyzed and compared to those of humic and fulvic acids in the soils. The results are as follows : 1) The amino acid concentration of Fulvudands (1800-2000 mmol kg^<-1>) was higher than that of Melanudands (1100-1500 mmol kg^<-1>). 2) By multivariate analyses, i.e. principal component and cluster analyses, the amino acid composition of both Andisols was analogous. 3) Horizon-dependent amino acid composition was observed in the Andisols. At surface horizons, the proportion of valine, leucine, isoleucine and alanine was higher than that of non-surface horizons while the proportion of aspartic and glutamic acids was lower. 4) Principal component analysis indicated that the amino acid composition of whole soils, humic and fulvic acids was different. The difference was due to the proportion of neutral hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and proline.
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Tsuneyuki HASEGAWA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
365-371
Published: August 05, 1995
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The amino acid concentration and composition of plants and microbes as biological factors related to the pedogenesis of Melanudands and Fulvudands were analyzed and compared to that of Andisols. Humic acid extracted from charred residue of Japanese pampas grass (Miscanthus sinensis) was also analyzed. The results were as follows : 1) The amino acid concentration of plants ranged from 380 to 730 mmol kg^<-1>, that of fungi from 1100 to 13000 mmo1 kg^<-1> and that of bacteria from 7400 to 19000 mmo1 kg^<-1>. The amino acid concentration of humic acid extracted from charred plant was extremely lower than that of humic acid extracted from Andisols. 2) Although the dominant amino acids in plants and microbes were aspartic and glutamic acids, followed by glycine and alanine, the proportion of amino acids in each organism differed. Humic acid of charred plants was rich in proline. 3) Multivariate analyses indicated that amino acid composition of plants, microbes and humic acid of charred plant was different from that of Andisols.
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Masanori NONAKA, Takao KAMURA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
372-380
Published: August 05, 1995
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The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate leaching in a sandy soil was studied in a lysimeter experiment. Nitrogen balance was also measured in this experiment. The results are summarized as follows : 1) During the one year experiment, the application of 430 kg ha^<-1> of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in 180 kg ha^<-1> nitrogen leached and 140 kg ha^<-1> crop nitrogen uptake. 2) In autumn radish cropping, the amount of nitrogen leached from inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application was increased by enough irrigation water and rainfall (>10 mm d^<-1>). After harvesting, however, part of the nitrate accumulated in the subsoil probably as a result of the short cultivation periods (56 d). 3) In summer tabacco cropping, the amount of nitrogen leached from organic nitrogen fertilizer application was strongly increased by rainfall after finished four weeks mulch. The total amount of organic nitrogen fertilizer was mineralized in topsoil during the long cultivation periods (116 d). Nitrate from their fertilizer was mostly leached in this period.
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Koichi INOUE, Shin TAKAYAMA, Hiroshi YOKOTA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
381-387
Published: August 05, 1995
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For the production of Ca-enriched lettuce, increasing the Ca content in the leaves by soaking the roots in a single high-concentration Ca-salt solution (25.0 mM and 37. 5 mM) for 16,32 and 48 hours was investigated. The following results were obtained. 1. The Ca concentration in the treatment solutions increased with the length of the treatment time with the rate of increase being larger in the treatments with calcium chloride solutions than with calcium nitrate solutions. The amount of water absorbed decreased with the treatment time, but a decrease in fresh weight and wilting were not observed. 2. The Ca content in the inner and outer leaves increased with the treatment time with the rate of increase of the former was remarkably larger than that of the latter. 3. The Ca content of whole leaves was larger with the calcium nitrate treatment than with the calcium chloride treatment, with the maximum content (2.12g kg^<-1> fresh weight) being shown in the 48-h treatment with a calcium nitrate solution of 37.5 mM. 4. With this treatment method, no adverse effects on the leaves were observed and the content of K and Mg in the leaves was not lowered. These results suggest that this soaking method may be used to produce lettuce containing abundant Ca.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
387-
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Osamu NAKAHARA, Shin-Ichiro WADA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
388-395
Published: August 05, 1995
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We proposed a new multi-layer surface complexation model that describes cation adsorption on humic Andisols. This model is different from the existing surface complexation models in three ways : (1) we assumed a cylindrical surface instead of a planar surface as a model of humic polymers, (2) we ignored the diffuse ion swarm formation and assumed that all the adsorbed ions are held by the outer-sphere surface complexes formation, and (3) we assumed that different ions are adsorbed on different planes. The applicability of the model to describe the experimental data is satisfactory.
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Kazuyoshi IKUTA, Hideyasu FUJIYAMA, Takeo NAGAI
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
396-403
Published: August 05, 1995
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Processes of nitrogen efflux from a small forested catchment, during 2 rain events on July 9 in 1991 and June 22 in 1993,was studied in Hirusen Experimental Forest of Tottori University, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The distribution of soil nitrogen in the catchment was observed in 1991. The conceptual model, a tank model based on a cascade of reservoirs, was developed to separate surface runoff, throughflow and base flow from stream discharge during these rain events. The peak nitrogen concentration during the rain event on July 9 in 1991 (R=77 mm) was 1. 27 mg L^<-1>, however in the case of June 22 in 1993 (R=44 mm) it was 2. 84 mg L^<-1>. Soil nitrogen content in the surface layer was high in the upper soil. On an average gradient slope, more nitrogen accumulated in the lower part of the slope (upper, 287.6 ; middle, 445.9 ; foot, 653.1 g m^<-2>, respectively). The amount of nitrogen leached by the extraction experiment from litter, black volcanic ash soil and lower volcanic ash soil were 368.0,26.0 and 9.0 mg kg^<-1>, respectively. During these rain events, on July 9 in 1991 and June 22 in 1993,the results of multiple regression analysis suggested that the throughflow component (Q_2 and Q_3) increased nitrogen efflux. It was suggested that the pathway of throughflow might be located in the nitrogen-rich upper soil layers. Therefore, the throughflow component may efflux more nitrogen than other components.
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Tsuneyuki HASEGAWA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
404-410
Published: August 05, 1995
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To clarify the characteristics of non-cellulosic saccharides of Andisols, the monosaccharide concentration and composition of Melanudands and Fulvudands were analyzed and compared to those of materials, such as plants and microbes, related to the formation of Andisols. The results are as follows : 1) The non-cellulosic monosaccharide concentration of Andisols ranged from 246 to 1052 mmol kg^<-1> and the dominant compositional monosaccharide was glucose, followed by mannose, galactose, xylose and arabinose. The non-cellulosic monosaccharide concentration of Inceptisols ranged from 516 to 1171 mmol kg^<-1> and the dominant monosaccharide was glucose, follwed by xylose, galactose, mannose and arabinose. 2) The non-cellulosic monosaccharide concentration of plants ranged from 718 to 2216 mmol kg^<-1> and the dominant monosaccharide was xylose, followed by glucose, arabinose and galactose. 3) The non-cellulosic monosaccharide concentration of fungi ranged from 509 to 2705 mmol kg^<-1> and the dominant monosaccharide was mannose, followed by galactose. The non-cellulosic monosaccharide concentration of bacteria ranged from 104 to 192 mmol kg^<-1> and the dominant monosaccharide was glucose, followed by ribose. 4) Principal-component analysis indicated that the monosaccharide composition of the noncellulosic saccharides of Andisols was influenced with the monosaccharide composition of fungi. On the other hand, the monosaccharide composition of Inceptisols was influenced with rather more saccharides of Gramineae plants than those of microbes.
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Tsutomu KITAGAWA, Hiroyuki KOYAMA, Tetsuo HARA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
411-414
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Akinori MORI, Shin-ichi ONO
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
415-417
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Kazunori SAKAMOTO, Yutaka OBA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
418-421
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Makoto NAKATANI, Yasuo HARADA
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
422-424
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Tatuo OKABE
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
425-436
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Shin-ichi ONo
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
437-442
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Kenzo WAKIMOTO
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
443-448
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Teruo ASAMI
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
449-454
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Article type: Bibliography
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
455-460
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
461-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
462-
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
463-
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
463-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
463-464
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages
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