This study aimed to evaluate the nitrogen dynamics derived from cattle manure compost and to assess the long-term effects of its continuous use. For ten years, we continuously applied cattle manure compost in an Andosol upland field equipped with a buried capillary lysimeter. Then, we measured the amount of nitrogen leached from the soil and nitrogen absorbed by crops. We divided the compost-derived nitrogen in the soil is into three forms: persistent organic, easily decomposable organic, and inorganic nitrogen. Based on model calculations, we estimated the rates of easily decomposable nitrogen formation, nitrogen mineralization, and denitrification after compost application and the amount of organic nitrogen remaining in the soil. According to the model, inorganic nitrogen production from cattle manure compost gradually increased after the continuous application of the compost. In the field measurement, nitrogen absorption for 10 years after continuous use of manure compost was 57.9, 81.1, and 112.0 g m⁻², with 0, 1, and 2 kgm⁻²y⁻¹ of fertilization, respectively; while nitrogen leaching was 41.4, 35.0, and 68.0 g m⁻², with 0, 1, and 2 kgm⁻²y⁻¹ of fertilization, respectively. As a result of model calculations, we estimated the inorganic nitrogen production for 10 years after continuous use of compost as 34.0 and 65.5 g m⁻², with 1 and 2 kgm⁻²y⁻¹ of fertilization, respectively; while the amount of denitrification was 62.3 and 119.8 g m⁻², with 1 and 2 kgm⁻²y⁻¹ of fertilization, respectively. These results suggest that the continuous use of compost increases inorganic nitrogen production. However, 1 kgm⁻²y⁻¹ of fertilization does not increase nitrogen leaching because of the increase of crop growth and nitrogen absorption. The actual measurement and the model results revealed that an appropriate amount of compost application resulted in increased nitrogen absorption and decreased nitrogen leaching.