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Volume 62 (1991)
- Issue 6 Pages 577-
- Issue 5 Pages 461-
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- Issue 3 Pages 203-
- Issue 2 Pages 95-
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Volume 62, Issue 2
Displaying 1-28 of 28 articles from this issue
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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages Cover1-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (83K) -
Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages Cover2-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (83K) -
Norikuni OKA, Hidenori WADAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 95-100
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper, we showed that Mn^<2+> at low concentrations adversely affected both nitrification in soil suspensions and growth of several aerobic microorganisms. In this paper, the adverse effects of Mn^<2+> on activities of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi were dealt with, special attention being paid to phosphate content in their cultural solutions. Their cultural solutions were buffered with HEPES (N^2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) in place of phosphate so that their phosphate content could be freely changed. When phosphate content in the cultural solution was 1.6 ppm, the activity of Nitrosomonas europaea was inhibited with 100 ppm Mn^<2+> but not with 30 ppm Mn^<2+>, while the activity of Nitrobacter winogradskyi was inhibited with 30 ppm Mn^<2+> but not with 10 ppm Mn^<2+>. These inhibitory effects of Mn^<2+> were intensified when phosphate content in the cultural solutions was reduced to 0.016 ppm. The inhibitory effects of Mn^<2+> were recognized at 30 ppm for Nitrosomonas europaea and at 10 ppm for Nitrobacter winogradskyi, respectively. Mg^<2+> was confirmed to alleviate the adverse effects of Mn^<2+> on activities of these nitrifying bacteria. In the previous paper, we showed also that the lowest effective concentration of Mn^<2+> in inhibiting nitrification was different between two soils studied. This difference was found to be related with difference of phosphate content but not with Mg^<2+> content in the soil solution of these two soils, indicating that phosphate content controlled the adverse effects of Mn^<2+> even in these soils. We got some evidence for Mn^<2+>-oxidation during cultivation of Nitrosomonas europaea in the culture solution containing Mn^<2+>. Some considerations were given on adaptation of nitrifying bacteria to Mn^<2+> in the environments in relation with phosphate content and Mn^<2+>-oxidation.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K) -
Katsuki ADACHI, Michiharu KOBAYASHI, Eiichi TAKAHASHIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 101-106
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, the pathogen of cucumber Fusarium wilt, produced fusaric acid (FA) at the rate of 40 to 60 mg/l in Richard's medium. FA was added to cucumber seedlings (0 to 15 days old) in deep petri dish with sterile sand and young plants (15 to 24 day old) in sand culture in pots. Drastic growth inhibition of the seedlings and young plants occurred in the additions of 70 ml of 100 ppm FA/petri dish and 100 ml of 300 ppm FA/pot・day, respectively. Intact cucumber plants were obtained by hydroponic culture by the sue of small blocks of rock-wool. Semi-intact plants were prepared by cut of root tips at about 5 mm length and cautious removal of the rock-wool. Intact and semi-intact plants were bathed in FA solution for 48 h. On intact plants of 10 to 28 days old, symptoms of stem or petiole constriction and leaf wilt were observed in 20 ppm or 40 ppm FA treatment. Treatments of 120 and 150 ppm FA caused severe wilt of the whole plant. On semi-intact plants, wilt of some lower leaves or gentle wilt of the whole plant was observed on 21-, 24-, and 28-day-old plants in the treatment of 10 ppm FA. The wilt symptom on semi-intact plants resembled that of cucumber Fusarium wilt. The finding suggests a possibility that FA might have a possible role in development of wilt symptom of the disease.View full abstractDownload PDF (869K) -
Kazunori SAKAMOTO, Yutaka OBAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 107-114
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the relations of the amounts of various soil organic substances by the WAKSMAN's analysis to soil biomass and soil respiration rate in order to establish a procedure for assessing easily decomposable organic substance in soil. The soil samples used were collected from 4 upland fields that received organic amendment continuously. The amounts of hot water-soluble organic substance, 2% HCl hydrolyzable saccharide, and 80% H_2SO_4 hydrolyzable saccharide in soil were determined by the WAKSMAN's proximate analysis. High positive correlation was found between the amount of hot water-soluble organic substance and the soil biomass. The rate of soil respiration was also highly correlated with the amount of hot water-soluble organic substance. From these results, we suggest that the assessment of easily decomposable organic substance in soil is possible through the measurement of hot water-soluble organic substance. The weakness of the interaction between hot water-soluble organic substance and other soil components seems to support our suggestion.View full abstractDownload PDF (968K) -
Teruo MATSUNAKA, Seiji KISO, Masao NOSHIROArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 115-121
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of differences in the methods of split application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) on the annual dry matter yield of timothy sward cut two times a year was investigated on the basis of efficiency of dry matter production per unit rate of N applied. The efficiency of N applied (N_e) was calculated by the following equation : N_e=(Y-Y_0)/N_f, where Y and Y_0 were the annual yield of the sward receiving N fertilizer and no N fertilizer, respectively, and N_f was the total annual rate of N applied. 1) N_e increased when the rate of N applied for first flush was more than for second flush, even if the total annual rate of N applied was the same. This was because the split application method described above raised the recovery rate of N applied. The upper limit of the rate of N applied for first flush, however, was the optimal rate for maximum yield at the first cutting and the N_e decreased when the rate of N applied for first flush was over the limit. 2) Single N application for first flush in early spring gave a higher N_e than applying the same rate of N split into (1) after the second cutting and (2) the following early spring, since the split application of N after the second cutting lowered the recovery rate of N applied. Consequently, it appeared that application on N after the second cutting to the sward could be omitted. 3) From the results,it was concluded that the most effective split application method of N to timothy sward was as follows : the rate of N applied for first flush was more than for second flush. The N application for first flush was carried out only in the early spring and the upper limit of the rate at that time was the optimal rate for the maximum yield at the first cutting.View full abstractDownload PDF (817K) -
Koki TOYOTA, Makoto KIMURAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 122-127
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dynamics of microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (F. o. r.), a pathogen causing a wilt-disease in radish, was estimated in the previous study. Because the dormant form of F. o. r. in soil is chlamydospore and the mycelial elongation is prerequisite for the infection, it is essential to know the dynamics of F. o. r. chlamydospores and mycelia in soil to control the wilt-disease in radish. In this paper, the growth of F. o. r. mycelia in soil and the germination and germination-potential of newly formed spores along the incubation period were investigated in special consideration to the kind of soils (farmyard manure (FYM)-amended or chemical fertilizer (CF)-applied soil) and the constituents of soil (plant debris and FYM fractions). The results obtained were as follows : 1) The germinated F. o. r. microconidia on Nucleopore filters were incubated with suspensions of the soils or soil constituents. After 2-day incubation, F. o. r. mycelia began to lyze and the lytic rate was much higher in FYM-soil than in CF-soil. 2) Many of the spores newly formed in CF-soil remained without lysis. On the other hand, many of those in FYM-soil lyzed and disappeared in a given period. 3) The lytic rate of F. o. r. mycelia and spores incubated with FYM-clod from FYM-soil was similar to that in FYM-soil, while that in plant debris from FYM-soil was lower than that in FYM-soil. 4) The effect of direct bacterial adsorption of F. o. r. on the lysis of F. o. r. mycelia, spore formation and lysis of newly formed spores was less remarkable than that of the difference between CF-soil and FYM-soil. 5) Almost all spores newly formed in CF-soil maintained their viability, but those in FYM-soil lost it as the incubation progressed. In addition, the adsorption of bacteria on F. o. r. spores accelerated the loss of viability.View full abstractDownload PDF (711K) -
Hiroshi TAKESAKOArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 128-134
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA flow injection analytical system adapted from an HPLC equipment with a double-plunger pump was used in conjunction with the indophenol blue colorimetric method to determine a wide range of amounts of NH_4-N in potassium chloride soil extracts. positive effect of potassium chloride in samle solution on the absorbance was removed by addition of potassium chloride at 0.25 M level to a color developing reagent. A sample solution (30 μl) was injection into one color developing reagent (2.4% phenol + 0.01 % sodium nitroprusside + 0.1 % EDTA + phosphate-citrate buffer solution) which acted as a carrier stream (1.0 ml/min), and merged with the other color developing reagent (0.06% OCl^- + 0.25 M KCl) stream from the other plunger pump. The mixture then passed through a reaction coil (0.5 mm × 120 cm) in a thermostated air bath at 80 ℃ to develop the indophenol blue complex. The absorbance peak area at 635 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer and intergrating recorder. Sampling rate was 60 samples/h. Calibration was linear over the range 0.05-8.0 ppm, and the higher limit of measurement was 10.0 ppm. The precisions at 0.4 and 4.0 ppm NH_4-N were 1.11 and 0.76 CV%, respectively. The measured values of NH_4-N in potassium chloride soil extracts by this method agreed well with the values of BREMNER's distillation-titration method (FIA value : Y= 0.99 X + 0.88, r = 0.999). For the determination of NH_4-N in soil extracts, it was concluded that this flow injection analysis is more useful than manual methods.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Hiroshi TAKESAKOArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 135-140
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA flow injection analysis based on the cadmium reduction-diazo coupling colorimetric method was applied to the determination for a wide range of amounts of NO_3-N in potassium chloride soil extracts. Positive effect of potassium chloride in sample solution on the absorbance was removed by addition of potassium chloride at 0.1 M level to a carrier solution. Decreasing of the reduction rate of nitrate to nitrite with cadmium was overcome by addition of HCl at 0.15 mM level to the carrier solution. A sample solution (30μl) was injected into a reagent (1 mM EDTA + 0.1 M KCl + 0.15 mM HCl) which acted as the carrier stream (0.75 ml/min) and passed through a copperized cadmium column (4mm ×5 cm ; particle size, 0.5-2mm) to convert nitrate to nitrite quantitatively. Then, the carrier solution was merged into the stream of a color developing reagent (0.92% p-amino-acetophenone + 0.055% m-phenylendiamine + 24 mM HCl) from the other channel. The mixture passed through a reaction coil (0.5 mm ×120 cm) in a thermostated air bath at 50 ℃ to develop the diazo coupling reaction. The absorbance area at 456 nm was measured using spectrophotometer and integrating recorder. Sampling rate was about 50 samples/h. The calibration was linear over the range 0.1- 10.0 ppm NO_3-N. The precisions were 0.4 and 0.6 CV% for 0.4 and 4.0 ppm of NO_3-N, respectively. The measured values of NO_3-N in potassium chloride soil extracts by this method agreed with the values of BREMNER's distillation-titration method (FIA value : Y=1.00 X-0.18, r= 0.998). For the determination of NO_3-N in soil extracts, it was concluded that this flow injection analysis is more useful than manual methods.View full abstractDownload PDF (644K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 140-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Toshikazu TAKAHASHI, Yuki ICHIKAWA, Nobuyuki DOUMIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 141-149
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined a measuring method of nitrogen fixing activity in soil by C_2H_2 reducing method using various solid agar mediums. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Nitrogen fixing activities of three soil samples were detected in nine kinds of defined solid agar mediums and the glucose soil medium, but not in one medium. High C_2H_2 reducing activity was detected on YMA medium within the used defined mediums. 2) Nitrogen fixing bacteria of high C_2H_2 reducing activity on YMA were estimated yeast requirement strains of meaning unclear. 3) In measuring of nitrogen fixing activity by various limited medium of Azotobacter, the limited medium of A. chroococcum and A. beijerinckii showed higher C_2H_2 reducing activity than the limited of A. vinelandii. These results suggested that A. chroococcum and A. beijerinckii live in a wider territory than A. vinelandii in cultivated soil. 4) C_2H_2 reducing activities of 30 different soil samples could be measured using YMA. This method could shorten the lag period of ethylene formation and the intervals of measurements. 5) Soil samples were tested as follows : pH, available phosphate, Ca, Mg, saturation of lime, saturation of base, coefficient of phosphoric acid, CEC, Cu, Zn, Mn b and organic matter. Nitrogen fixation activity of soils showed high correlation with the following articles : positive correlation was observed in saturation of lime (r=0.572, n=30, p<0.001), saturation of base (r= 0.651, n=30, p<0.001), Mn (r= 0.697, n=30, p<0.001) and Cu (r= 0.547, n=30, p<0.01) and negative correlation was observed in coefficient of phosphoric acid (r=-0.621, n=30, p<0.001), CEC(r= -0.470, n=30, p<0.01) and organic matter (r= -0.541, n=30, p<0.01). 6) From the results of these experiments, it was suggested that nitrogen fixing activity and potentiality of nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil can be estimated by the incubation of soil on some media such as YEM, Az-Starch, Az-Sucrose and Az-Ramnose.View full abstractDownload PDF (1077K) -
Yoshiharu FUJII, Tamaki YASUDA, Tomoko SHIBUYAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 150-155
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS"Stairstep experiment" was used in the discrimination f allelopathy. This method is a sort of sand culture, connecting the pot with pipe so that root exudates of one plant can flow into another plant, in which they can recirculate along with the taking of nutrient solution. This method is one of the most advanced method for the discrimination of allelopathy, because we can diminish the competitions for light in the upper parts of the plant and for nutrients or water in root systems by this method. We assembled stairstep experiment apparatus and used it for the discrimination of allelopathy of tomato plant (Lycopersicum esculentum), whose interfering activity in the mixed planting by soil culture was already reported and inhibiting activities in the germination and growth test with tomato plant crude extracts were also demonstrated. The results showed that tomato plant cultivated in stairstep apparatus can no more inhibit the growth of cucumber plant. These results show that prominent growth-inhibiting effect of tomato plant in the mixed planting by soil culture was attributed to the interference other than allelopathy and could probably be ascribed to the competitions for light and nutrients. Though stairstep method is an advanced method for the discrimination of allelopathy by root exudates, it takes much effort but yields few data. So we developed a new system for the discrimination of allelopathy. This method is essentially a sand culture wherein the upper part of the two plants in the same pot is divided by a wall, through which light cannot penetrate, in order to separate the leaves of the plant and to make the light condition identical during growth in the rotary greenhouse. By these operations, we can discriminate between the competitions for light, water, nutrients and the chemical allelopathic interference. We call this method "rotary greenhouse method." By this method, we cultured some plants in the mixture, and found that tomato plant has no growth inhibition to other plants. These results supported the data obtained by stairstep method. The rotary greenhouse method may serve as another method for the discrimination of allelopathy.View full abstractDownload PDF (880K) -
Nobuharu KIHOU, Kouichi YUITAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 156-164
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil water extractors were buried into the soil layer under two gravelly tea gardens and the adjacent forests in Mitake (depth f 0.20 m to 3 m) and Yaga (depth of 0.20 m to 3 m), located in the basin of the River Sakawa Prefecture, in order to take soil water. We measured the concentration of nitrate nitrogen, etc., in soil water and obtained the following results. 1) The concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water was, approximately, as follows : under the tea gardens (n×10 mg/l) it was higher than that under the Japanese cypress forest in Mitake (n mg/l) or that under the plum forest in Yaga (n ×10^<-1> mg/l). Its total average was 33.5 mg/l under the tea garden in Mitake, 44.4 mg/l under the tea garden in Yaga, 5.81 mg/l under the Japanese cypress forest in Mitake, 0.20 mg/l under the plum forest in Yaga. 2) The quantity of nitrate nitrogen of soil water at a depth of 0 to 3 m under the tea garden in Mitake was 506 kg/ha and that at a depth of 0 to 2 m under the tea garden in Yaga was 263 kg/ha. We recognized that there was a large quantity of nitrogen, which must be appreciated as a nitrogen resource, under a tea garden. 3) The concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water under the Japanese cypress forest in Mitake exceeded 30 mg/l in September at topsoil and its annual average exceeded 5 mg/l at a depth of 3 m. Meanwhile, annual averages of concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water under the plum forest in Yaga were 0.16 mg/l and less under a depth of 1 m.View full abstractDownload PDF (1330K) -
Toshiyuki WAKATSUKI, Shuuichi OMURAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 165-170
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to find the optimum conditions for removal of nitrate nitrogen in waste water by the multi-soil-layering system, nine models were tested using plastic boxes with an area of 10 cm×45 cm and a depth of 45 cm : 1 ) volcanic ash soil in aerobic condition ; 2) volcanic ash soil in submerged condition ; 3) multi-soil-layering structure composed from volcanic ash soil layer, jute net layer which was 3.5 weight percent of the volcanic ash soil, and zeolite layer, which was used in non-submerged, aerobic condition ; 4) ditto, but in submerged condition ; 5) the same as 3), but weight of the jute net layer was 7.7% of the volcanic soil layer ; 6) ditto, but in submerged condition ; 7) the same as 5), but 8.4 weight percent of glucose was mixed in the volcanic ash soil ; 8) the same as the 6), but river sand was used models. Percentages of nitrate-N removal were : 1) 7.9%, 2) 17.0%, 3) 28.1%, 4) 70%, 5) 52.6%, 6) 91.6%, 7) 68.9%, 8) 92.5%, and 9) 76.3%. The COD, chemical oxygen demand, of treated waste water were : 1) 4.9 mg/l, 2) u.4 mg/l, 3) 4.4 mg/l, 4) 7.5 mg/l, 5) 5.5 mg/l, 6) 12.4 mg/l, 7) 2,920 mg/l, and 8) 19.3 mg/l. Although addition of glucose is effective for denitrification, the treated water will be heavily polluted by its bio-chemical products including ammonium. On the other hand, jute net in the multi-soil-layering system was very effective for denitrification under submerged condition, and even under non-submerged condition, nitrate-N was effectively removed without any additional production of COD components.View full abstractDownload PDF (814K) -
Norio YASUDAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 171-177
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe cartographic system based on a personal computer utilizing the data of soil diagnosis was developed to carry out the investigation of the drainage measure plan of the group upland field of wheat converted from paddy field on the spot. 1) The data of soil survey was formed into a data file by adapting a soil diagnostic system while a field management system was used to form the data of the growth/yield state of crops into a data file. 2) In order to register the position of the upland field subjected to soil diagnosis, a large-scale topographical map of 1/10,000 or more was inputted using an image scanner to prepare an image file. All of these data were automatically classified into topographical maps on a display and the totalization of area was possible. 3) In preparing drainage measure standards in drained paddy field for upland crop cultivation, quantification I analysis was adapted for the purpose of clarifying the relation between the yield of wheat, soil and an upland field condition to extract factor items. As a result, the drainage of upland field, the soil texture of the second horizon and the presence of grey horizon proved to be largely involved and standards of four ranks were set using these data to prepare a drainage measure chart. 4) This system can be utilized with the materials for preparing regional cropping plan for the management of upland field at every parcel of land and for a group drainage measure in drained paddy field for upland crop cultivation or the like due to soil diagnosis in a section or group unit of municipalities.View full abstractDownload PDF (945K) -
Kiyokazu NAKAJIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 178-180
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Ritsu YAMANAKA, Yukishige YAMASAKIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 181-186
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Teruo ASAMIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 187-190
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 190-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Y. JINNOArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 191-192
Published: April 05, 1991
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H. HIRAI, K. SAKAMOTOArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 192-193
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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K. YAGIArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 193-194
Published: April 05, 1991
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T. NAGANAWAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 194-195
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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T. FUJISAWAArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 195-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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M. CHINOArticle type: Article
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 196-
Published: April 05, 1991
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Article type: Appendix
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 197-201
Published: April 05, 1991
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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages Cover3-
Published: April 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages Cover4-
Published: April 05, 1991
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