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Article type: Cover
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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T. Ohyama
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
i-ii
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Kenichi INOUE, Ichijo YAMANE, Toshiyuki KAJI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
1-6
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The appropriate amount of nitrogen to apply as topdressing to ratoon sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. 'Ni17') was examined with reference to sugarcane yields and sucrose content of pressed juice. Plants were grown in fields on a dark-red soil from 2004 to 2006. (1) Yields of multiple sugarcane varieties were investigated over a number of years at Tokunoshima Island to estimate the effects of weather conditions on yield and juice quality. Results from spring-planting of the sugarcane cultivar Ni17 displayed a positive correlation between the maximum number of tillers and stalk weight and a negative correlation between stalk weight and sugarcane yield. Therefore, we concluded that it is essential to increase stalk weight to obtain higher yields from Ni17, and that the effect on stalk weight depended on the maximum number of tillers. (2) The yields of ratooning Ni17 were greater for a smaller maximum number of tillers than for a larger maximum number of tillers. This result was very similar to that from spring planted sugarcane. When the maximum number of tillers was about 110×10^3ha^<-1>, yields were sufficient at the standard rate of fertilizer application; increasing the amount of nitrogen applied had little effect on stalk weight. In addition, the sucrose content of pressed juice decreased as the amount of nitrogen applied as topdressing increased. (3) If the maximum number of tillers was about 150×10^3ha^<-1>, the number of non-productive tillers could be reduced by increasing the amount of nitrogen applied as topdressing, resulting in increased cane yields. (4) From these results, we conclude that for sufficient cane yields and juice quality, the amount of nitrogen to be applied as topdressing to ratooning sugarcane Ni17 should be determined in line with the number of tillers at the maximum tillering stage.
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Takeo YAMAKAWA, Mayuko YAMANO, Motoki IKEDA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
7-13
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A pot trial was performed in a greenhouse in 2004 to investigate the effect of K supply from crushed bamboo on the growth and seed yield of soybean. The four treatments consisted of a control (CT), which was supplied with adequate amounts of macronutrients, and treatments that differed from the control as follows: surface application of crushed bamboo (BST), omission of K (-KT), and omission of K+surface application of crushed bamboo (-KBST). Each treatment consisted of three replicates. In the CT and BST treatments, Wagner pots (1/5000a) with drains were filled with Futsukaichi soil (a sandy loam) and fertilized with 300mg N as (NH_4)_2SO_4 solution, 800mg of P_2O_5, and 800mg of K_2O (from a solution of K_2HPO_4 and KH_2PO_4) per pot. In the -KT and -KBST treatments, K was not applied. Three seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. 'Fukuyutaka') were sown after being inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110. In the BST and -KBST treatments, crushed bamboo mulch was applied to the surface of the soil. The seedlings were thinned to one seedling per pot after several days. Chlorophyll levels were measured with a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Minolta Corp., Tokyo). The SPAD values of the upper most leaf after flowering were high in the -KT treatment and lowest in the CT treatment. The SPAD value of the BST treatment was the same as that of the -KT treatment at the R5 development stage, reaching a maximum value at R6.5. However, in the -KT treatment, SPAD values drastically decreased after R5 and reached a minimum at maturity (R6.9). The seed yield was significantly decreased in the -KT treatment and significantly increased in the BST treatment compared to the control. The total number of pods and number of ripened pods increased significantly with the surface application of crushed bamboo. The number of sterile pods increased when K fertilizer was omitted (-KT), but was not reduced with K supply from bamboo mulch (-KBST treatment). The number of fully-formed seeds increased significantly with the application of bamboo mulch. The weight of 100 seeds from the -KBST treatment was significantly less than from the CT treatment. The surface application of crushed bamboo mulch promoted soybean growth and increased seed yield through the supply of K from the mulch. However, the amount of K supplied was only 20% of that supplied by K fertilizer. This level of K was insufficient to obtain maximum seed yield.
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Tetsuo HAYASHI, Yuji HIKASA, Nobumitsu SAKAMOTO
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
14-22
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To improve soil management during cultivation in natural soils under greenhouse conditions in Hokkaido, we investigated the nitrate levels and other characteristics of soil from the surface to a depth of 100cm in six types of greenhouses at four sites. A summary of our results is as follows: (1) The average pH of the plow layer was 6.1 and average levels of nutrients (all in mg kg^<-1>) were 87 for available N, 1249 for P_2O_5, 593 for K_2O, 4315 for CaO, and 640 for MgO. These results showed that all soil nutrients were present at much higher levels than standard values of soil testing criteria in Hokkaido. (2) Soil nitrate remained in both the plow layer (0-20cm) and the 20-100cm depth range at harvesting time in most greenhouses. In most greenhouses, the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil was more than twice the amount of nitrogen taken up by plants. In addition, the rainfall received during the fallow season had been insufficient to leach excess nitrogen from the root zone. (3) Based on the nitrate remaining at 20-60cm depth before cultivation, we estimate that nitrogen fertilizer application can be reduced by 90 to 242kg ha^<-2> on average in greenhouses in Hokkaido. This represents a 45-121% saving in the amount of nitrogen topdressed in the typical greenhouse used to grow tomatoes in Hokkaido. (4) Soil available nitrogen is steadily increasing from year to year in greenhouses in Hokkaido, but we estimate that the amount of organic nitrogen supplied by green manure is insufficient. (5) We conclude that it is essential to evaluate soil nitrate levels in subsoil and soil available nitrogen in the plow layer in order to design fertilizer application and maintain appropriate soil fertility management under greenhouses.
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Shinichi FUJITOMI, Takayuki SUEYOSHI
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
23-29
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We investigated the effect of the physico-chemical properties of soils on inorganic nitrogen (IN) leaching during spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivation in autumn and winter using columns packed with light-colored Andosol (A), loamy gray lowland soil (L) and clayey gray lowland soil (C). The total amount of water percolated through the column in the growing period was greatest for L, followed by C, then A. This was the reverse order of the water-holding capacity (WHC) of the three soils. L experienced the largest amount of IN leaching, which consisted of 49% nitrate-N and 51% ammonium-N. The high proportion of ammonium-N could be semi-quantitatively explained by the fact that L had the lowest effective cation exchange capacity. IN leaching from A, which had the highest WHC, was initially less than from the other two soils. However, once cumulative irrigation had exceeded the sum of A's WHC and evapotranspiration, IN leaching increased substantially due to A's high hydraulic conductivity. The relatively high rates of IN leaching observed in the present experiment may have resulted from limited uptake of IN by spinach, whose growth was hindered by elevated levels of ammonium-N.
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Shin-ichi YAMASAKI, Kazuhiko KIMURA, Hiromi MOTOYOSHI, Akira TAKEDA, M ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
30-36
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Over 1500 soils samples have been analyzed for Cd. Samples were 514 soils taken in such a way as to cover a wide range of soil types common to Japan (referred to as nationwide samples), 139 volcanic ash soils also taken nationwide scale (volcanic ash samples), and 887 soils taken from arable lands in Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan (Miyagi samples). Histogram has revealed that the frequency distributions of Cd was positively skewed and coincided well with those of log normal distributions, indicating arithmetic mean value is not appropriate to represent the Cd status in soils. The anti-log values of the minimum, mean, maximum, and 95% confidence limit of the mean calculated using log transformed data were respectively 0.015, 0.27, 3.37 and 0.06〜1.09mg kg^<-1>. Whereas the higher outliers in Miyagi samples were polluted soils, those in nationwide samples were un-polluted dark red soils (Chromic Luvisols) and red soils (Orthic Acrisols) both derived from limestone. It is assumed that trace amounts of Cd contained in the parent materials as impurities at the initial stage of weathering were gradually concentrated during the succeeding weathering processes as almost all of CaCO_3 were lost. The above hypothesis is strongly exemplified in the findings that the concentration levels of more than 30 trace elements in these soils were also higher than those of the other soils. It is worth mentioning that the occurrence of soil samples containing more than 3mg kg^<-1> of Cd not necessarily indicates events related to the anthropogenic soil pollution. The concentration range of Cd in volcanic ash samples was apparently lower than that of the other two groups. Comparison of concentration levels of Cd between volcanic ash soils and non-volcanic ash soils after excluding outliers has revealed that Cd in the former were significantly lower than that in the latter.
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Sayaka KOMORI, Kaneaki HORI, Naoko MIYAMARU, Yuko SUGA, Ayako FUKUNAGA ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
37-40
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Yasuo NAKAMARU, Youichi SAITO, Hiroyuki KOBAYASHI, Ayumi KIMURA, Teruy ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
41-44
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Satoshi NAKATSU, Kiyoshi KIMURA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
45-48
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Shinichi MORITSUGI, Eiji ISHIBASHI, Masaya OOYA
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
49-53
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Shunsuke KAKIUCHI
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
54-57
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Tomohito ARAO
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
58-62
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Masako TAKEBE
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
63-65
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Kazunobu TORIYAMA
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
66-74
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Masako TAKEBE
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
75-79
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Naoki MORITSUKA
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
80-88
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Akira WATANABE, Daichi ASAKAWA, Masayuki KAWAHIGASHI, Nobuhito OHTE, S ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
89-94
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Kazuyuki INUBUSHI, Teruo HIGASHI
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
95-96
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Ichiro TANIYAMA
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Masae TAKEDA
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Yuko OGO
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
100-104
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
106-108
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages
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