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Article type: Cover
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
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Published: June 10, 1953
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Article type: Cover
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
App1-
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Yoshiaki ISHIZUKA, Akira TANAKA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
159-165
Published: June 10, 1953
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At the early stage of the growth of rice plants, nitrogen absorbed through the root changes into the amino-acid-amide form chiefly. But in keeping with the advance of the growth stage, much protein is synthesised and stored in the leaf-and-stem. When the flowering stage is over, this protein is hydrolysed into amino-acid or soluble-protein. And these nitrogen compounds are translocated into the ear and there resynthesised into insoluble-protein. Only a small amount of carbohydrate accumulates in the plant body until the ear-forming stage. After this stage, starch begins to accumulate in the leaf-and-stem, but in very small amount. After the flowering stage, starch stored in the leaf-and-stem turns into soluble sugar. This sugar and the products of photosynthesis at that time are translocated into the ear in the form of non-reducing sugar and changed into starch. Starch in the ear is due mainly to the photosynthesis after the flowering stage.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
165-
Published: June 10, 1953
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Hiroyasu KASHIWAGI, Hajime YOKOI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
166-168
Published: June 10, 1953
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Authors investigated on the electrophoretic velocity (u) of the soil colloids of NOBEYAMA (NAGANO) soils and others, and obtained following results. 1) The top soils [NOBEYAMA (NAGANO) NISHITENRYU (NAGANO), FUJISAWA (IWATE)] have a minimum value in pH-u curve, and the sub soils have not. These results are similar to the case of MIKATAGAHARA (Part 1). 2) NOBEYAMA soil and MIKATAGAHARA soil (Part 1) have a same tendency on the curves of soluble aluminium in acidic solutions.
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Kiyoshi OZAKI, Shingo MITSUI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
169-172
Published: June 10, 1953
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Ichiro KANNO, Masao NAGAI, Shizuoki ARIMURA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
173-177
Published: June 10, 1953
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This paper deals with the morphological, mechanical and chemical characteristics of the brown type of the Japanese volcanic ash soils developed on Musashino terrace land, Kanto Plain. The main soil formers, morphology, and mechanical and chemical characteristics of the soil are shown in Tables 1 & 2. 1. The soil is characterized by a thick and dark surface horizon and a distinctly brown color in the B_2 horizon, and has a slightly developed profile which closely resembles the appearance of the Prairie soils. The distribution of the soil is restricted on the uplands of South Kanto Plain. 2. The soil is almost neutral in reaction. Although it has a relatively higher base-status among the Japanese volcanic ash soils, the degrees of base-saturation of the various horizons are less than 40 per cent. Since the exchange reactions (pH in water minus pH in 0.01 n Na_2SO_4) show neutrality, the fundamental weathering process of the soil may be the anionic solvation and eluviation, and consequently, it is not a product of podzolization. 3. Free silica and alumina increase with the depth, and the maximum content of them is found in the B_2 horizon. The soil possesses a large quantity of free iron which may be responsible for the development of brown color of the subsoil. The silica/alumina and silica/sesquioxide ratios of the clay fractions are less than 2,and the clay may be considered to be suballitic in composition. It is presumed from the silica/alumina ratios obtained by Harada's acid potassium oxalate method that there may be a considerable amount of allophane-like materials in the soil.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
177-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
177-
Published: June 10, 1953
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Shingo MITSUI, Tomoyoshi KIUCHI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
178-182
Published: June 10, 1953
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The depletion of Ca from metabolising barley and wheat roots was studied by employing tracer technique of Ca^<45>. The basic technique with special regard to the self-absorption of Ca^<45> was preliminary established as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. The outward movement of Ca^<45> was remarkable in the chloride of K, NH_4,Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba except for Li and Na in contrast to H_2O (Table 2,4). The highly hydrated ions as Li and Na might have failed to deplete Ca. Unexpectedly, however, no significant differences were observed among other ions. This is the marked contrast to K^<42>, which has been reported to be depleted exclusively by K. A series of enzymic inhibitors as shown in Table 5 did not affect the depletion except for dinitrophenol. The elevation of temperature from 6°-20℃, however, more or less promoted its outward movement (Table 4). This apparent discrepancy was discussed on the basis of metabolic activity. Further, different anions showed no remarkable difference (Table 7). The alternate treatmeut with H_2O and salt solutions for the same plant root gave definite proof that the depletion, so far as this study was concerned, was a normal process of healthy metabolising roots and no sign of injury, as might be expected on the use of single salt solution, could be observed (Table 6,Fig. 2). In conclusion, the status of Ca held in metabolising plant roots would be a more or less loose bonding as compared to K and yet a little stronger than Na, its linkage being almost, if not entirely, independent of the normal metabolism.
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Yutaka KAMOSHITA, Hisae OKADA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
183-184
Published: June 10, 1953
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Of six soils (see Table 2), derived from various parent materials, amounts of easily soluble magnesium were determined in the following way. Ten or five grams of air dried soils were extracted by 0.05 N, HCl (GEDROIZ's solution for extracting exchangeable constituents); of the extract, the amount of MgO was determined by the use of electric photometer. After removed from R_2O_3 as well as calcium and acidified with acetic, the extracts were coloured by the additions of titan yellow solution, NaOH, glycerin and starch; and so developed colour was applied to electric photometer, and percentages of transmittance (see Table 3) were determined by green filter. Refered to a transmittance-concentration curve (Plate 1), the amount of MgO was calculated (Table 4). From the results of Table 4,the following facts were observed : easily soluble magnesium was much, in general, in the soils, except alluvial soils, rich in total magnesium; and a ratio of total magnesium to easily soluble magnesium was comparatively high in same soils, poor in total magnesium, soluble in conc. HCl.
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Shigenori AOMINE, Toshio HIGASHI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
185-188
Published: June 10, 1953
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Laboratory studies were made on the nitrification of ammonium in the several soils which have various ammonium fixing power. In Nyuzen soil having little fixing power, 100 per cent of ammonium added was converted into nitrate during 4 weeks, but in every one of other soils which have more or less fixing power, amounts of nitrified nitrogen after incubation for 11 weeks were only about 40 to 75 per cent. And it was generally shown that the low values are due mostly to the fixation of ammonium by the soil minerals. Results obtained in the experiments on the relations between the forms of ammonium in the soils and rate of nitration, had shown that replaceable ammonium is easily converted into nitrate, and nonreplaceable or fixed ammonium is difficult in most cases. But in some soils, for example, in micaceous Akizuki soil not only fixed ammonium but also a part of nonreplaceable one was nitrified by soil microorganisms. It was suggested that such nitrification of fixed or nonreplaceable ammonium is probably started from replacement with hydrogen ions produced by these organisms.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
188-
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
188-
Published: June 10, 1953
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Shuichi ISHIZAWA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
189-195
Published: June 10, 1953
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In this part the characters of colony and some cultural characters in yeast-warter mannitol agar, soil-extract mannitol agar, potato, bouillon, and peptone sucrose solution are described. The strains from pea-, clover-, bean-, and lupine-group, and genge are similar to those reported by other investigators, while the strains of alfalfa-, soybean-, and cowpea-group, and Sesbania are divided into subtypes in each group, respectively. Particularly, it may be noticed that cowpea-group includes six to nine subtypes. Although potato or bouillon, especially the former does not, in general, support the rhizobial growth, the strains from Astragalus and Dalea, and some of Sesbania-, alfalfa-, and cowpea-bacteria produce considerable growth in both media. Slow growers are found only in lupine-, soybean-, and cowpea-group.
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Togro HARADA, Hidenori HASHIMOTO, Masaaki HARA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
196-200
Published: June 10, 1953
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The investigations were made into humus contained in Tyulin's so-called G1 (i. e. the organo-mineral complex : the fraction, below 2μ, isolated by Gedroiz's method) of paddy soil. The soils used were taken from the degraded paddy field and its neighboring normal paddy field respectively. The results obtained and the discussion are as follows. The total amount of humus in G_1 is larger in the degraded than in the normal soil, and a proportion of "easily-soluble humus"-which comes to be dispersed in n/100 NaOH solution after treating the moist soil with n/100 HCl-to it is also higher in the former than in the latter. Moreover, in the degraded, the proportion of H_1 (Tyulin's 1st humate fraction) to "easily-soluble humus" is much higher than that of H_2 (Tyulin's 2nd humate fraction). These results lead to the assumption that in the degraded paddy soil a considerable proportion of humus in G_1 is either present in a free form or associated loosely with the surface of colloids. (See Table 1 and 2). In all samples, humic acids of which "easily-soluble humus" is composed are higher in rotted products than in true humic acids (after K. Simon). These humic acids are presumed to be U. Springer's brown humic acid (F. Q.=3.0) from their colourcurves. (See Fig. 1). In view of our assumption in a previous paper that "easily decomposable organic matter" of paddy soil must be contained in "easily-soluble humus", it is highly probable that a larger amount of "easily decomposable organic matter" is accumulated in G_1 of the degraded than in that of the normal soil. The determination of humic acids in "non-easily-soluble humus" (after U. Springer's method) showed that the proportion of the grey humic acid to "non-easily-solucle humus" of G_1 is far lower in the degraded than in the normal. (See Table 3 and Fig. 2). These results suggest that in the degraded paddy soil humification does not occur so progressively as in the normal, since the grey humic acid is regarded as being most humified among humic acids according to U. Springer, E. Welte et al. This suggestion seems to be consistent with the facts, also, that a higher proportion of humus, especially "easily-soluble humus" of less humified, is found in G_1 of the degraded than in that of the normal. Concerning this problem, it still remains to be solved why the progress of humification is more retarded in the degraded paddy soil than in the normal.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
200-
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Mitsuru HARADA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
201-204
Published: June 10, 1953
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(1) The soils derived from tertiary miocene series are distributed on the hills of Tsuyama basin in Okayama Prefecture. This series consists of two beds-viz. Uetsuki brackish water deposits and Tsuyama shallow sea deposits. Most of Uetsuki soils are sandy or loamy and Tsuyama soils are principally clayey or loamy. (Annual mean temperature 13℃, annual rainfall 1432 mm). (2) The profiles of Uetsuki soils have dark brown A horizons, brown or yellowish-brown B horizons, and yellow C horizons. (3) The clay minerals were determined by the author's colour reaction method, and it indicates that Uetsuki soils are halloysite-kaolinitic and Tsuyama soils are halloysite-montmorillonitic. (4) In Uetsuki soils the complex A_2 has the SiO_2/R_2O_3 ratio of 2,and this ratio of complex B also is about 2. In the upper horizons of Uetsuki profiles the complex A_2 increases and the complex B decreases. Complex A_2 was determined by the author's method. (5) In Uetsuki soils the amounts of free iron oxide correspond to 61〜78% of Fe_2O_3 soluble in hydrochloric acid. The free iron oxide was determined by the author's photochemical method. (6) Uetsuki soils are very poor in exchangeable bases and have strong acid reaction (pH 4.6〜4.9).
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
204-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
204-
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Michihiko YATAZAWA, Kisao TAI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
205-206
Published: June 10, 1953
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Favorable growth responses have recently been obtained with some nutrient material especially with urea applied as foliar sprays to vegetable crops. However the mechanism of biological assimilation of urea by plants has not yet been clarified. The authors hypothetically postulated that urea would be split into ammonia by the hydrolytic action of urease and then utilized to amides, asparagine and glutamine, before the proccess of transamination would occur. To acertain this hypothesis, urease activities of some plant leaves were analysed quantitatively by EULER-BRUNIUS' method. Following plants were examined. Triticum aestivum L, Glycine Max. MERRILL., Phaseolus angularis WIGHT., Trifolium repens L., Vicia sativa L, Apium graveolens L., Allium fistulosum L., Spinacia oleracea L, Daucus Carota L., According the results obtained, urea which was split by 5 gm. of each fresh leave above mentioned in 2 hours was less than 0. mg and almost of it lie between 0.1 and 0.4 mg. In the next experiment, the authors examined whether there was any adaptability, that is the increase of urease activity after the foliar spray of urea, or not. Following plants were employed. Triticum aestivum L., Vicia Faba L., Pisum sativum L., Trifolium repens L., Astragalus sinicus L., Spinacea oleracea L., Samples were taken on 1,3,5,and 10 days after foliar application. Urease activities showed no increase in every cases. From these results obtained, the authors concluded that in the assimilation of urea absorbed through leaf surface the hydrolysis of urea by the action of urease would not be likely a main path-way of the reaction, and that the urea would combine with some compounds. containing carbonyl gronp-for example sugars, keto-acids or aldehyds-into some type of ureide.
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Haruo CHIBA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
207-209
Published: June 10, 1953
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In this experiment the following results were obtained. 1. NH_4-salt is usually contaminated in cobaltnitrate reagent, and it makes the experimental results irregular. 2. The cobaltnitrite precipitate warmed at 60℃ for one hour gives the same result without reference to the period to settle the precipitate at room temperature. 3. A little asbestos does not decompose KMnO_4 solution appreciably. Therefore it is better to treat the cobaltnitrite precipitate as follows. The p p t. is filtered by means of filter-stick with asbestos filter mass, followed by dissolution with conc. H_2SO_4. The H_2SO_4 solution containing asbestos is poured into excess KMnO_4 solution, the excess KMnO_4 is determined as usually.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
209-
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Azumi OTA, Satoshi IDE
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
210-212
Published: June 10, 1953
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Of 12 applied soils, the tendency were as follows : 1. Soils of lower productivity of mulberry tree had somewhat strong acid reaction and had remarkably low bases-sturation, compared to those of higher productivity of the tree. 2. The productivity had no relation to geological formation and parent materials of soils.
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Minoru YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
213-215
Published: June 10, 1953
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The quality of base absorptive ability of the soil may be, as well as the intensity, an important factor of the soil fertility. In this paper, the author tried to estimate the intensity of base absorption. For this purpose, two soils leached with N (pH 7), N/10 (pH 7,6,5 and 4) ammonium acetate solution and the amounts of NH_4 absorbed were determined respectively. The decrease of NH_4Ac concentrations resulted in both cases in the decrease of NH_4-adsorption capacities. The rate of decrease, however, widely differed, i. e., one soil 7.9% and the other 29%. The larger decrease will mean the easier hydrolysis of the exchangeable bases. The decrease in pH of the N/10 NH_4Ac solutions also brought the decrease of NH_4-adsorption in widely different manner (see fig. 1). The larger decrease means the easier entranse of H ion to the exchange position. These results may prove the different intensity of soil to hold exchangeable bases. The mechanisms of base discussed in this respect.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
216-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
216-
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
216-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
216-217
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
217-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
217-218
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
218-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
218-
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
218-219
Published: June 10, 1953
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
219-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
219-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
219-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
219-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
220-
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
220-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
220-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
220-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
220-221
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
221-
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
221-
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
221-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
221-222
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
222-
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages
222-
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