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Article type: Cover
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Masaya OOYA, Tatsuki WASHIO, Eiji ISHIBASHI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
437-446
Published: December 05, 2013
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When substituting composted and fresh livestock manure for mineral fertilizer, an understanding of the fate of nitrogen (N) in the applied organic fertilizer is required to plan the application strategy. Organic fertilizer is frequently applied during the fallow period between autumn and spring, and the N dynamics of organic matter applied during this period are not well understood. We quantified the influence of the organic matter type and the time after application on N dynamics in organic matter applied during the fallow period. The types of organic matter examined were composted livestock manure (cow, pig, and a mixture of equal parts of the two), and non-composted poultry manure. We conducted both incubation experiments and field experiments to monitor N dynamics in fallow fields. The N dynamics of added organic fertilizer were explored through the relationship N_<input>=N_<lost>+N_<remain>+N_<accum>, where N_<input> is the total amount of N contained in the applied organic matter (i.e., 100 %); N_<lost> is the percentage of N_<input> lost by leaching, N_2 emission, or denitrification; N_<remain> is the percentage of N_<input> remaining that can function as a substitute for mineral fertilizer in the next rice crop; and N_<accum> is the percentage of N_<input> that remains in the soil after harvesting the next rice crop. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Treated soil cores were incubated at 2,10, and 25 ℃, and the amounts of N mineralization from added organic matter and nitrification of added ammonium sulfate were analyzed using chemical kinetics. The actual measurements corresponded with the superposition curve when all were adjusted to a 25 ℃ standard temperature. Even at the lowest temperature, the mineralization rate of organic matter and nitrification of the mineralized nitrogen increased with increasing N content, and the rate of both processes increased markedly as temperature exceeded 5 ℃. 2. Except in the first 10 to 14 days after application of organic matter during the fallow period, the proportion of Nremain in the soil in inorganic form was low, indicating that most of the mineralized N was quickly converted to N_<lost>. In southern Okayama, where the average transplanting time is late June, following the application of organic matter between December and April, most of the N mineralized from the organic matter had also undergone nitrification, indicating that loss was predominantly by leaching and denitrification. 3. N_<remain> decreased rapidly between 10 and 50 days after application of organic matter. Thus, to use manure that is high in N as a substitute for mineral fertilizer, it is necessary to carefully plan the rate and timing of application to account for the N content of the organic matter and the number of days between application of the organic matter and planting so that N_<remain> can be accurately controlled.
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Hiromi OZAKI, Kimihito NAKAMURA, Shigeto KAWASHIMA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
447-454
Published: December 05, 2013
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The flooding of paddy fields during the winter fallow is gradually becoming common in Japan as an agricultural water management practice that offers environmental advantages such as the creation of temporary wetland habitat, groundwater recharge, and suppression of weed growth. However, on soils with high permeability, such as alluvium, the effects of winter flooding on soil and crop nutrition dynamics are unclear. This study examined soil nitrogen transformations in a winter-flooded paddy plot on an alluvial fan. The concentrations of various forms of nitrogen in the soil were examined at flooded and non-flooded microsites over time. Over the course of the winter flooding period in the flooded microsites, the concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and ammonium nitrogen (NH_4-N) in the surface soil increased, whereas that of nitrate nitrogen (NO_3-N) decreased. The temperature of the surface soil was higher in the flooded soil than in the non-flooded soil by up to 1 ℃. These findings indicate that the increases in soil water content and temperature caused by winter flooding promote the decomposition of particulate organic nitrogen and denitrification but inhibit nitrification. In the non-flooded soil, the concentrations of DON and NH_4-N decreased and NO_3-N increased over the course of the measurement period. These findings indicate that nitrification is more dominant than mineralization in the non-flooded soil during the winter season. Easily decomposable organic nitrogen concentrations were higher in the flooded soil than in the non-flooded soil. Hence, the winter flooding influenced soil nitrogen transformations and increased DON, easily decomposable organic nitrogen, and NH_4-N in the surface soil. However, after the winter flooding period, the concentrations of DON, easily decomposable organic nitrogen, and NH_4-N decreased and the concentrations of all forms of nitrogen were similar to those in the non-flooded soil just before the first irrigation for rice planting at the end of April.
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Tohru MURAYAMA, Kae MIYAZAWA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
455-461
Published: December 05, 2013
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Pre-transplanting phosphorus application (PTPA) is a method of fertilization that involves immersing seedlings in a solution containing phosphorus (P) immediately prior to transplanting. It has been shown to reduce plant P demand, and thus the need for P application to fields. From 2009 to 2011 we investigated the effects of PTPA and the amount of P fertilizer applied on the growth, yield, and P uptake of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Seedlings of A. fistulosum grown in chain-pots were either subjected to PTPA by being immersed in potassium phosphate solution (0.5 % P) or were not immersed as a control. The seedlings were then transplanted to the field arranged into four P fertilization treatments (P_2O_5 at 21 gm^<-2>×100 %, 75 %, 50 %, and 0 %). PTPA enhanced early growth remarkably and increased plant P content in 2009. Although this early benefit diminished with time, plant weight and the amount of P absorbed by plants at harvest was still increased significantly by PTPA. The marketable weight of PTPA-treated plants was also higher than that of non-treated plants in 2010 and 2011. There was no significant effect of field-application of P fertilizer on plant weight, marketable yield, or plant P content. These results showed that it may be possible to increase productivity and bring forward harvesting by means of PTPA without P fertilizer field application in Welsh onion culture.
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Hiroyuki HASUKAWA, Yuki TAKAHASHI, Satoshi TORITSUKA, Shigeto SUDO, Ka ...
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
462-472
Published: December 05, 2013
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Management methods such as winter flooding and winter moistening are expected to reduce nitrogen loads in the runoff from paddy fields, but they are also considered to increase greenhouse gas emissions. We quantified the annual methane and nitrous oxide emissions from lysimeters in paddy fields under winter flooding, winter moistening, and conventional no-flooding management, and investigated the effects of soil management under winter flooding treatment during the spring fallow period (just before the cropping season) on greenhouse gas emissions and soil fertility. Annual global warming potential (i.e., the combined emissions of methane and nitrous oxide) did not differ significantly among the different forms of soil management. This was attributed to the influence of drainage management in the fallow period before transplanting. In this season, the soil moisture content under winter flooding and moistening treatments decreased to values similar to those found under conventional management. This decrease in soil moisture should contribute to a decrease in methane emissions from soils under winter flooding and moistening treatments during the spring fallow period and early growing season. The potential soil nitrogen mineralization rates of paddy soils during the growing period were similar and did not differ significantly among the treatments, regardless of soil management during the fallow period. Rice yields and their quality were also similar. Moreover, water drainage in late March resulted in no decline in soil fertility in paddy fields under winter flooding and winter moistening management.
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Norio SATO, Koichi HOSHINO, Kazutoshi OSAWA, Hideaki HIRAI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
473-477
Published: December 05, 2013
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Tomotsugu YAZAKI, Tomoyoshi HIROTA, Yukiyoshi IWATA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
478-481
Published: December 05, 2013
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Tetsushi OSHIO, Minoru MATSUYAMA, Takeo KUWANA, Shigeyuki ARAI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
482-486
Published: December 05, 2013
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Rikiya NIRA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
487-492
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Masaaki YOSIBA, Yuuji KOBAYASI, Eitaro MIWA, Tosiaki TADANO
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
493-502
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Shinji WAKUTA, Sumana LEAUNGTHITIKANCHANA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Yong GUO
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
505-509
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
510-511
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
A1-A4
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2013 Volume 84 Issue 6 Pages
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Published: December 05, 2013
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