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Volume 59, Issue 1
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages Cover1-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages Cover2-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App1-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App2-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App3-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Tatsuhiko MATSUGUCHI, Tsuneo NITTAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 1-11
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of soil amendment with either farmyard manure (FYM) or bark compost (BC), annually at the rates of 15, 30, 50 t/ha for seven years, on the root development and rhizosphere microflora of monocropped sugar beet, potato, adzuki beans, spring wheat, and soybeans, were investigated by field experiment. 1) The monocropping significantly discouraged root growth, particularly of sugar beet and adzuki beans. The applications of FYM and BC were found to recover root growth and root activity in proportion to their dosage. The organic amendments also depressed the incidence of soil-borne plant diseases, e.g. root rot of sugar beet and brown stem rot of adzuki beans. As a result, the organic amendments reduced the yield decline due to monocropping. 2) In the 3- and 5-year monocropping plots, the root mycoflora were examined at an early growth stage. The flora significantly differed among the crops in terms of its diversity. The flora was more diverse in potato and wheat which are more tolerant of monocropping than in the less tolerant sugar beet and beans. Both FYM and BC applications increased diversity of the root mycoflora. Indices of the diversity positively correlated with the root biomass in most crops examined. These results were almost similar to the results previously obtained in our rotation plots. 3) Populations in non-rhizosphere soil of aerobic bacteria, crystal violet-tolerant bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi by dilution plate method did not differ among the plots with and without FYM. In rhizosphere soil and in roots, however, the populations of dye-tolerant bacteria and actinomycetes increased in proportion to the dosage. 4) Inorganic nutrient contents in soil were slightly increased by the organic amendments, but the contents were still lower than those which would optimize plant growth and yields. 5) These results indicate that the organic amendments should increase the microbiostasis of the rhizosphere ecosystem, resulting in reduction of root infection by pathogens, enhanced development and activities of the root, and increases in the yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (1258K) -
Tsuneo NITTA, Tatsuhiko MATSUGUCHIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 12-20
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of organic amendments with liquid organic wastes and the composed wastes on root mycoflora, root growth, and crop yields, were compared by field experiments on light-colored Andosol. 1) While sewage sludge was more stimulative to the growth of aerial part of sugar beet, the sewage sludge compost was more stimulative to tap root growth and increased the sugar content and sugar yield. Effects of these organic amendments on the growth and yields of potato and winter wheat demonstrated that sewage sludge was more favourable to the growth of upper ground part by its nutrient-supplying capacity. Sewage sludge compost, however, was more favourable to root development, probably through diversifying the root mycoflora. 2) Fecal waste of beef cattle stimulated the growth of aerial part of sugar beet, while the bark compost made from the fecal wastes stimulated the tap root growth, increased the sugar content and sugar yield. 3) Dual applications of wastewater from a potato starch processing factory and wheat straw stimulated lateral root growth of sugar beet and crown root growth of winter wheat. In these roots, the mycoflora were more diverse than in the roots applied with wastewater alone. The dual application increased the yields more than the application of the wastewater alone. 4) These results indicate that composted materials generally retain a function of improving the rhizosphere mycoflora and stimulate the root development. This function was less significant in liquid organic wastes and almost nil in chemical fertilizers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1066K) -
Mitsuaki TORIYAMA, Jun MATSUMOTOArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 21-26
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTea plant nitrogen is categorized into three types on the basis of its origins: storage nitrogen held in the plant parts before treatment, newly-absorbed fertilizer-nitrogen, and soil-nitrogen absorbed following mineralization. We distinguished the three origins of nitrogen by using ^<15>N-labelled young tea plants and ^<15>N-ammonium sulfate as fertilizer in pot experiments, and investigated the distribution of soil-nitrogen to the plant parts in tea plants and its contribution to nitrogen compounds of new shoots. The results obtained are as follows. 1) The patterns of distribution of nitrogen from different sources had some characteristics. The percentage of soil-nitrogen translocated to the aerial parts was lower than that of fertilizer-nitrogen, but the reverse was found in the roots. This might be due to the slow absorption of soil-nitrogen. The percentage of soil-nitrogen distributed to mature leaves was higher than that of fertilizer-nitrogen, but the opposite was true in new shoots. 2) In Andosol without compost, soil-nitrogen absorbed was mainly distributed to mature leaves and the roots, and stored there, and then the soil-nitrogen in mature leaves was remobilized for translocation to new shoots at sprouting of the flush season. However, some soil-nitrogen absorbed from Andosol with long-term compost application was directly translocated to new shoots; this might be due to the increased soil-nitrogen uptake. 3) The contribution of nitrogen, which was held in the bush before treatment, to new shoots decreased gradually, from the first flush to the third flush, while that of absorbed nitrogen, especially soil-nitrogen, increased gradually. 4) It was shown that the contribution of newly absorbed fertilizer-nitrogen and soil-nitrogen to theamine in new shoots was large, while small to insoluble nitrogen and caffeine.View full abstractDownload PDF (683K) -
Jumpei ANDO, Naoto OWA, Michiyuki ASANOArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 27-32
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarious vitreous slags including blast furnace slag. convertor slag, coal gasification slag, and synthetic slags were tested to study the effects of alumina on solubilities in M/2 HCL and sodium acetate solution (pH 4.5) and agronomic response of the slags. Alumina in the slags rich in CaO and MgO (O/Si atomic ratio larger than about 3.5) significantly reduced the acetate solubility and SiO_2 uptake by rice plant. On the other hand, the addition of a small amount of alumina to the slags containing less CaO and MgO (O/Si ratio smaller than about 3.2) increased both M/2 HCL and acetate solubilities and tended to improve the agronomic response. Both solubilities and response reached a maximum when the O/Si ratio of the slags was increased to about 3.5 by the addition of alumina. Alumina has been known as an amphoteric oxide. In a slag rich in basic components, alumina may act as an acidic component, combines with silica, and reduces the activity. In acidic slags, alumina may behave as a basic component and thus improves or little reduces the solubilities and agronomic response.View full abstractDownload PDF (610K) -
Jumpei ANDO, Yoji NAGANO, Nagamitsu IGUCHIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 33-40
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSActivated sludge from a sewage treatment plant by the anaerobic-aerobic process is relatively rich in phosphorus. The filtrate of the sludge that had been kept for a few days under anaerobic condition contained 200-300 mg/liter of P_2O_5. By lime addition to the filtrate, most of the phosphorus was precipitated to give a product containing about 18% P_2O_5 mainly in the form of amorphous calcium phosphate soluble in 2% citric acid. Most of the heavy metals in the filtrate were also precipitated but were in minor amounts in the product. Agronomic tests (pot test for rice and a kind of Chinese cabbage) were carried out with a similar precipitated product and also with synthetic precipitated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. The product as well as the hydroxyapatite showed a good agronomic response about equal to that of calcined defluorinated phosphate fertilizer. Amorphous fluorapatite also showed a good response while crystalline fluorapatite gave poor results.View full abstractDownload PDF (774K) -
Tomoko HIROKAWA, Yasuo KITAGAWAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 41-46
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is important to estimate the mineralization of organic nitrogen from the paddy soils for establishing the method of fertilizer application. In this study, the relation between the clay mineralogy and nitrogen mineralized from the soils was discussed by using eighteen of the growth observation fields for rice plant in Toyama Prefecture and one field of Toyama Agricultural Research Center. The soils of these fields are nine Gray lowland soils, four Gley soils, three Yellow soils, and three Andosols. Results are summarized as follows: The indices (X1) that the clay contents in the soils multiply by the sum of montmorillonite and vermiculite contents in clay fraction were high correlative with the amounts of nitrogen mineralized either by the incubation of wet soils at 30℃ for 10 weeks (Y1) or by the incubation of air-dried soils at 30℃ for 4 weeks (Y2): Wet soil: Y1=X1/(0.423+0.123X1) r=0.909*** Air-dried soil: Y2=X1/(0.081+0.047X1) r=0.948***. Higher correlation was established between the indices (X2) that multiply total carbon by the previous indexes, and the amounts of nitrogen mineralized from wet soils (Y1) and air-dried ones (Y2): Wet soil: Y1=X2/(1.00+0.126X2) r=0.940*** Air-dried soil: Y2=X2/(0.288+0.041X2) r=0.977***. From the contents of clay fraction, the clay mineral composition and total carbon in the soils, the mineralization of organic nitrogen could be assessed with high precision.View full abstractDownload PDF (577K) -
Sadao FUKUSHI, Tokujiro AIDAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 47-55
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSynthetic wastewater containing 209 ppm NH_4-N, 41 ppm organic N, and 554 ppm COD was percolated intermittently at different loading rates through columns packed with 5.6 kg of surface sample of a Humic Andosol at 25℃ for 29 to 71 days. the greater part of NH_4 was nitrified by the percolation through the column and little NH_4 was found in the effluent when 250 ml of wastewater were applied once a day. However, NH_4 was not perfectly nitrified and passed through columns with increased loading rates. Ammonium concentration in the effluents increased linearly with the decrease of mean residence time of wastewater in soil columns. The addition of 1.5% (w/w) calcium carbonate (CC), 10 to 30% (v/v) calcined perlite (PL), 10% (v/v) calcined vermiculite (VM), and 10% (v/v) zeolite (clinoptilolite) (ZL) to the soil accelerated nitrification in soil columns. Ammonium concentration in the effluents decreased in the order of untreated>CC>CC+PL>CC+VM≫CC+ZL, and nitrate concentration increased in the same order. The inoculation of nitrifier enriched soil on soil columns was also effective in accelerating nitrification. Nitrified N ranged from 72 to 93% of total N in wastewater applied to the soil columns mixed with soil amendments at the rate of 500 ml/day during 80 to 107 days. Losses of N through denitrification amounted to 20 to 40% of total N added as wastewater.View full abstractDownload PDF (854K) -
Kazuo TORIYAMA, Yasuo MIYAMORIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 56-60
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to understand the turnover rate of nitrogen in paddy soil, ^<15>N isotope dilution technique was used. The results obtained are as follows: 1) ^<15>N isotope dilution technique, which had been established for sediment nitrogen research, was successfully applied to the submerged paddy soil. 2) At the average temperature in paddy field around 25℃, half of the nitrogen mineralized was simultaneously immobilized. 3) Gross mineralization rate was exponentially increased with temperature, while the increase of immobilization rate with temperature was little. 4) When soil was air dried before submergence, both gross mineralization and immobilization rate become larger than the submerged fresh soil at the beginning of submergence. After then, gross mineralization rate decreased while immobilization rate remained constant. These results indicate the increase of easily decomposable nitrogen on soil drying and its decrease after submergence. 5) When fresh soil was submerged, both gross mineralization rate and immobilization rate was increased gradually with incubation time, indicating the increase of microorganisms with time.View full abstractDownload PDF (602K) -
Hidenori WADA, Tadashi YOKOYAMA, Yasuo TAKAIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new in situ method was proposed for investigating chemical and biochemical reactions at micro-sites in the submerged soil. The method as applied to denitrification study was described in detail. Four kinds of solution could be injected into the desired small region of the submerged soil through a tube with a needle at its tip. The soil solution in this region was collected by a tube with a porous cap and analyzed for N_2O by a gas chromatograph. The 4 solutions were (1) distilled water (activity of natural N_2O formation), (2) C_2H_2-dissolved water (total activity of natural denitrification), (3) C_2H_2-dissolved water containing NO_3 (activity of denitrification which was not limited by NO_3 content), and (4) C_2H_2-dissolved water containing both NO_3 and organic compound (activity of denitrification which was not limited by contents of NO_3 and organic substrate). If these 4 kinds of solutions were injected successively, 4 different denitrifying activities could be measured for the desired small region in the submerged soil. Two preliminary experiments were carried out to demonstrate usefulness of the new method. The one was to clarify the relation between soil Eh and ratio of N_2O/N_2+N_2O in denitrification product. The other was to test which organic compound was effective as a substrate for denitrification. In the second experiment, it was found that alanine, histidine, sodium tartrate, etc., were favourable and sucrose, raffinose, sodium citrate, etc., were not favourable for denitrification.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
Hiroaki OMURA, Isao SASAKI, Hiromi TOCHIGI, Eiichi MUROI, Hiroshi AKAG ...Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 68-74
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil β-acetylglucosaminidase (EC. 3.2.1.30) activities were assayed in greenhouse fields applied sawdust-composts under planting tomato and strawberry. Results are summarized as follows. A β-acetylglucosaminidase activities in soils were enhanced by application of sawdusts and saw dust-composts to the greenhouse fields. The enzyme activities in andosols (tomato fields) were higher than those in grey lowland soils (strawberry fields), but the activities in andosols decreased with no application of organic matter. The activities had no relationship with the amount of inorganic-N in the soils, but highly correlated with the content of C, and the amount of available-N and ninhydrin-positive substances in soils. The enzyme activities were correlated with the number of soil fungi on 5% level in andosols, and with the number of bacteria and fungi in gray lowland soils on 5% level. The enzyme activities in the sawdust-composts were lower in decay composts than fresh ones, and the enzyme activities in the soils were affected by the properties of the applied sawdust-composts. There was significant relationship between the soil enzyme activity and tomato crop yields on 1% level, but there was no significant relationship between the enzyme activity and crop yields.View full abstractDownload PDF (838K) -
Kazuhiko YAMAMOTO, Hiroaki SUMIDA, Osamu IIZUKA, Yasuaki MATSUZAKAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 75-82
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of dressing of various organic wastes on the formation and change of humus substance: in soil were examined using six groups of agricultural soil (Andosols, Gray Lowland soils, Red soils, calcareous Gray Upland soil, Dark Red soil, and Sand-dune Regosol) in Japan and three kinds of compost (pig wastes, sewage sludge, and city refuse compost). During six months of incubation under controlled conditions, the periodical changes of humus substance, humic acid, and fulvic acid, extracted by sodium pyrophosphate-sodium hydroxide mixture solution, were examined. The results are as follows: 1) The process of the formation of humus substances differed among the six groups of soils. And these differences were especially in the cases of Andosols derived from volcanic ashes, alkaline soils such as calcareous Gray Upland soil and Dark Red soil, and Sand-dune Regosol. 2) It was clarified that the contents and the properties of specific humic fraction in each compost affected the nature of humus substances formed in examined soils during the incubation for six months. 3) In all soils the application of sewage sludge composts enhanced the production of humus substances. Particularly, their application on alkaline soils brought considerable increases of humus substances. It seems that alkaline condition of soils enhances remarkably the humification of sewage sludge compost. 4)During incubation, the increase of humic acids was superior to that of fulvic acids in the soils dressed with various waste composts. Consequently, the values of ch/cf ratios showed the tendency of gradual rising. 5) Fulvic acids formed in soils applied with various composts changed in their equalities to some extent during incubation, where as humic acids showed little change. These results seemed to show the initial production of immatured fulvic acid and slight maturing during incubation. Therefore, it is suggested that specific organic fractions in each compost change gradually to humic acid after production of fulvic acid within a relatively short period.View full abstractDownload PDF (890K) -
Yasuo SHIMADA, Tomio YOSHIDAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 83-91
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil macrofauna and soil environments were investigated in twelve pine forests at Tsukuba Science city in Ibaraki prefecture. A total of 96 species of soil macro-animals were collected. Among them, 26 to 43 species were found in unweeded pine forests, 18 to 24 in weeded pine forests. The species found in unweeded pine forests consisted of 680-1205 individuals per square meter; those in small weeded pine forests, 195-880 individuals per sq. m; in weeded pine forests, 256-549 individuals per sq. m. The SHANNON-WIENER (H') equation was calculated to measure the diversity of soil macrofauna. The H' value found for weeded pine forests was less than for the small weeded pine forests and unweeded pine forests. To analyze the similarity of fauna in the twelve pine forests, a dendrogram was constructed from JACCARD's similarity index based on the species composition for each pine forest. As a result, those soil macrofauna in the pine forests were separated in two two clusters: nearly one cluster indicated the groups of soil macrofauna in unweeded and small weeded pine forests; the other cluster indicated the soil macrofauna in weeded pine forests. The weeded pine forests had the thinnest A_<00>, A_0, and A_1 layers among the twelve pine forests studied. It is suggested that the soil macrofauna are influenced by this soil environmental factor.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 91-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Kazuhisa HASEGAWA, Hiroshi KOBAYASHIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 92-95
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Mitsuru MAKAMURAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 96-98
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Gensho ISHII, Ryoyasu SAIJOArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 99-102
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Hidekazu YAMADA, Tomoo HATTORI, Hiroshi YAMAMOTOArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 103-104
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Daiji ASAKA, Ryunosuke HAMADA, Kanichi SAKAGAMIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 105-107
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Hisao SEKIGUCHIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 108-111
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Motoshige HIGUCHI, Kenichi KOMATSU, Kazuyoshi YAMADA, Reiichi AKANUMA, ...Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 112-115
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 115-
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Yasuo HARADA, Kiyonori HAGAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 116-119
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Keiji NAKATSUKA, Yoshiaki SHIMIZU, Tadakatsu YONEYAMAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 120-124
Published: February 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 125-
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App4-
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 127-130
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App5-
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages App6-
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages Cover3-
Published: February 05, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages Cover4-
Published: February 05, 1988
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