In this paper, the author attempts to approach the kinai-no-shiishi of the Nihon-shoki from both a historical geographical and a behavioural geographical viewpoint. The starting point for this study will be an examination of the special characteristics of the kinai-no-shiishi in their behavioural context. These characteristics are (1) territorial marking by (four) points, (2) their area is larger than that of shikinai (designated by kuni) (3) the inconsistency in the marking system (listings are given at the varying levels of kuni, gun, go, or place). As for (1), the author draws and explains a network map of the territory at the time, based on successes in the field of ethology in network cognition. It is proposed that the characteristics in (2) and (3) arose from the fact that in defensive behaviour, the most defendable point is chosen as the first point. In addition, (2) and (3) are explained from the standpoint of boundary marking behaviour. Also with (1), it is shown that shiishi were narrowed down from all defensive points based on whether they posessed traits as boundary markers or not. For the verification of these proposed explanations based on behavioural geographical approaches, methodology from traditional historical geography was used.
Next, the author proposes a correspondence between behavioural context and landscape context, and attempts to interpret kinai-no-shiishi in the context of landscape semiotics, based on the relation between people and landscape as treated in research on environmental perception in behavioural geography (which has in turn been influenced by environmental psychology and architecture). Landscape semiotics is a method for inscribing landscape in architectural spaces employed by P. Thiel. As a result, it was found that the landscape contexts of the shiishi were all the same. Furthermore, a correspondence was proven between the landscape context of shiishi and network cognition, defense behaviour and marking behaviour.

抄録全体を表示

The typical small-scale farm management in Japan originated from the introduction of an intensive agricultural system in the 17th century by Kenchi. This system, however, was corrupted in the 19th century, and landlords with large arable estates and servants appeared. Although these landlords cultivated parts of their land at first, they gradually turned most cultivation over to the hands of sharecroppers in the 20th century.
Many studies have been made about landlords in geography and other fields, because the landlords constituted an important class in Japanese agricultural society before World War II. These studies, however, mainly focused on large landlords who owned more than 10ha. Few studies have investigated smaller landlords who were also cultivators even in the 20th century. The class of these small landlords, which included many agricultural leaders called tokunou, played a very important part in Japanese agriculture and agricultral society from 1900 to 1960.
This paper aims to identify the characteristics of farm management of the small landlord through farm size and labor organization from the late Meiji Era (1910) to the early Showa Era (the 1930s). The case farmer of this study is the Nakajima family in Awano in Yachiyo village, Ibaraki Prefecture.
Nakajima was a large farmer who cultivated 2.8ha of land and rented a small land in the late Meiji Era (1910). After the middle Taisho Era (1920s), the land cultivated by the Nakajima family decreased to 1.5ha in 1929. Although it increased to 2ha in1935, it decreased again to 1.4ha during World War II.
The change of land cultivated by Nakajima family was closely related to agricultural labor composition. In the late Meiji Era, the second daughter of Nakajima, who was older than the first son, married and her husband was received into the family. As a result, the Nakajima family formed a composite family with Nakajima, his first son, his second daughter and their spouses and children. They cultivated 2.8ha of land exclusively by family labor. However, the family became smaller in 1916, when the family of the second daughter moved out and started a branch family and their parent died. As the number of family workers decreased, the Nakajima family employed some servants in order to cultivate a large area. However, the rise of wages forced them to decrease the area of cultivated land during the 1920s. The land abandoned by the Nakajima family was rented to branch families, and Nakajima became the landlord of branch families. In the early Showa Era (the 1930s) family workers of the Nakajima family increased in number, because children had grown up. As a result, the Nakajima family could enlarge the cultivated land to some extent for such prosects as sericulture. However, the area of cultivated land of the Nakajima family did not reach the level of that in the Meiji Era because of the labor shortage. The family did not grow as before and laborers were difficult to hire from branch families.

抄録全体を表示