In suburban areas of big cities, agricultural land acquisition is often caused by farmers who converted their agricultural land into urban uses as substitutional agricultural land. And agricultural land in a municipality is often acquired by non-resident farmers.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between urbanization and some features of agricultural land acquisition and to identify the regional pattern of the acquisition. The indices related to urbanization and acquisition are used for the analysis. The survey area is Saitama Prefecture, a suburban area of the Tokyo Metropolis.
The structure of this research are as follows: Firstly, the ninety-two municipalities of Saitama Prefecture are classified zonally by time-distance to the Tokyo CBD. Then the zonal features of indices through the classification are discussed. Secondly, by using principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, ninety-two municipalities are classified.
The analysis shows the following results:
1) The degree of urbanization corresponds to the time-distance to the Tokyo CBD. The relation between them can be summarized in three types of regions: within 60 minutes of the Tokyo CBD; between 60 and 140 minutes; and more than 140 minutes.
2) By principal component analysis, the first principal component is given a meaning as the activity of agricultural land acquistion and the second principal component as the degree of urbanization. The relation between the distribution of the first principal component scores and that of the second ones is noteworthy. The municipalities which have higher scores of the second principal component (the degree of urbanization) are concentrated on the outer boundary of the Tokyo Metropolis. The municipalities which have higher scores of the first principal component (the activity of agricultural land acquisition) are distributed around or overlapping the areas of higher scores of the second principal component.
3) Four regions are identified by cluster analysis. These are named Neighborhood areas Suburban areas and Outer fringe areas (both plane and mountainious types). These regions are regarded to be the same as the three types of regions mentioned in 1).
The features of agricultural land acquisition are identified as a pattern resembling concentric circles. This means that the agricultural land acquisition around a big city is strongly affected by urbanization process. There is a lot of conversion of agricultural land into urban uses in urbanizing areas. The demands for substitutional agricultural land are also created there. Substitutional agricultural land is acquired around the site of urban development usually in suburban areas. The results obtained by principal component analysis fit in with the realities of agricultural land acquisition.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the urban internal structure of China's cities by a case study of Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu Province. At first, the spatial structure of urban life in China's cities is clarified by consideration of the formation, the roles, the internal structure and the distributive characters of the DANWEI (or working unit). Then, the urban land use pattern is also analysed, and a model of the internal structure of Chinese cities is obtained. The results are summarized as follows:
1) The life of urban inhabitants in China's cities is performed basically depending on the DANWEI, which is related to both the work and residences of the inhabitants, and has influence on the urban land use patterns. It is clarified that the spatial structure of urban life in China's cities is composed of three levels: the DANWEI, a principal territorial form of the urban life; the low level life space by the homogeneous DANWEI; and the high level life space by the Municipal District. Furthermore, the low level life space by the concentrated distribution of the homogeneous DANWEI is divided into 12 in the town area of Lanzhou, and that the low level life space formed from the industrial DANWEI can be distinguished. The institution of the low level life space has developed to far away from the city centre. Moreover, the high level life space which is formed as the Municipal District is divided into 4, and it appears that the spatial structure of urban life in China's cities is formed through the administrative control and the residential plan of the Municipal Bureau (Fig. 6).
2) Regarding urban land use, it tends to change from commercial·administrative· old residential land use to industrial·new residential land use with the change from the urban core to the suburbs. Furthermore, the residential areas are distributed generally in the town areas and correspond to the old residential area in the older town areas, to the mixed residential area mainly composed of DANWEI in the newer town areas and the new residential areas on the urban fringe, with a change from the urban core to the surrounding of the core and the suburban areas. However, the school zones are distributed in special areas.
3) When the characteristics of the urban land use in Lanzhou mentioned above are clear, the urban land use model (Fig. 8) and the development model of urban internal structure (Tab. 3) are presented. Furthermore, as a future agenda, a model of the internal structure of China's cities can be acquired, espatially of industrial Chinese cities (Fig. 9). The urban land use pattern is characterized by a four-concentric zone structure: urban core zone, mixed zone, industrial zone and outer zone. Furthermore, the residential areas are distributed continuously from the urban core to the suburbs and can be generally divided into three: the old residential areas, the mixed residential areas, and the new residential areas. However, the school zones and new industrial areas are distributed in special areas.

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Nearly half a century has passed since Trewartha pointed out in his presidential address to the 49th annual assembly of A. A. G., that geography is fundamentally anthropocentric.
Generally speaking, recent trends in geographical researches in Japan and abroad as well seem to have remained unchanged. However, something must have changed in those two decades. The main aim of this article is to evaluate some new underlying currents in recent geographical research work from a humanistic point of view. Just as D. Porteous has pointed out in his essay, the reason why geography is so dull and boring is closely connected not only to ways of explanation, but to presentation in geographical works. In most cases, human contents are lacking.
Authors have tried to make clear other factors responsible for this present situation. Most of geographical research work in Japan and abroad has been so far made with special emphasis on“seeing”through eyes. Little attention has been paid to other human senses. It can be said that most geographers have tended to heavily depend on visual organs, suffering from auditory, tactile, olfactory, and taste disorder.
In our minds, we instantly create images in a more configurative and unified way by using five senses at the same time. What is mostly urgently needed is how to reconstruct all the things we have sensed in geographical content. Some new underlying currents in humanistic geography seem to be deeply concerned with this hidden aspect as described above, and have come up as the emerging new geography. The 1980's has witnessed tremendous progress, leading surely to a so-called sensuous geography, which is not fully developed at the present time.
D. C. Pocock, D. Porteous, Yi-Fu Tuan and A. Buttimer are preeminent among the sensuous geographers. Authors see that the holistic point of view can be basically traced back to J. G. von Herder. Along with these new currents, Michael Polanyi has also come to realize the importance of tacit knowing, from epistemological and ontological view points. In addition, A. Berque has also greatly contributed to opening up a new era in humanistic geography and paved the way to clear elucidiation of the complicated multi-dimensional structure of climate by applying a new concept, médiance.
In Japan, T. Watsuji was the first to systematize the significance of human existence with special reference to climate (Fûdo). He often refers to the works of Herder, because the Herderian way of interpretation of our world should be properly treated. Authors are also contending that all the geographical observation so far made must be reviewed and reevaluated in these respects. Holism runs against reductionism.
Thick description of geographical phenomenon is thus to be made. Fuller attention should be paid again to Herderian holism in this respect in order to humanize human geography.
The objectivity-oriented scientific movement seems to have been believed to be true up to the present time. However, authors understand that objectivity-oriented reductionism is far from being complete in the sense that this methodology is based on one-sided observation and reasoning, neglecting the five human senses to the sacrifice of the richness of the lively world. Well balanced observation and reasoning can only be realized through close contact with the five human senses.

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Japan has achieved rapid economic growth since the 1960s, and has become one of the greatest economic nations in the world.
On the other hand, many social problems occurred during that time such as over-population, depopulation and environmental disruption.
The Japanese government has tried several approaches based on the National General Development Plan in order to solve the problems. The policy of the Japanese government was not appropriate for all regions, but the regional development policy was welcomed by rural villages more than the unified plan. It is called the Mura-okoshi (village promotion) plan.
In this paper the author wishes to clarify the realities of the Mura-okoshi which has made the greatest impact on the independence of rural villages.
Izumi village of Fukui Prefecture was selected as a study area where the zinc mine of Nakatatsu was shut down in 1987. Mura-okoshi has been taken as a major policy in this village since 1986.
The Mura-okoshi of Izmi village has two major sections, the promotion of agriculture and the development of tourism. In order to promote the agriculture of this village, the introduction of special products such as the‘Anama-sweet corn’and the‘Anama-turnip’were planned. The newly organized agricultural group (consisting of 6 cores) and an organization for controlling the special products were arranged to accomplish this plan. Techniques of effective agriculture were also advised, and then the new agricultural region was formed.
On the other hand, a camping site and log houses managed by Izumi village, and recreation facilities such as a skiing area and amusement park managed by private enterprises were constructed.
Finally it was arranged that the special products of the new system would be processed in the plants of Izumi village, shipped by the service industries, and consumed in the recreation facilities.
As a result of the progress of the new policy called Mura-okoshi, the industrial activities of this village were integrated and improved.

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