Kei-Hin (Tokyo-Yokohama) market demands the largest labour force of the three large markets in Japan. Kei-Hin labour circle, the area which provides labour force to Tokyo-Yokohama region comprises Kanto, Tohoku, the western Chubu and a part of Kyushu districts.
The area consists of two, inside and outside of Kei-Hin commuting circle. The labour force in the commuting circle has advantage to that outside the circle. Most of the former find employment in large and medium sized enterprises of developing industries, while the latter in the non-developing industries or small and trifling sized enterprises.
It cannot be said that every part of the Kei-Hin labour circle homogeniously provides working population to the market. There seem to be localities in patches supplying little labour force. Each of these forms a rural labour circle which seems to equal to a small local commuting circle covering villages around the local city in the nucleous.
Local cities in Kanto and Chubu districts are enlarging their labour markets with the progress of industrialization. As a result labour force supplying areas in these two districts are becoming the demanding ones. In such cases these localities are absorbing working population from Tohoku district, and at the same time they are providing their own population to Tokyo-Yokohama region.
Local cities in Tohoku district has but narrow and stagnant market of labour force because industrialization there is slow-pitched. Except these patches of small markets, the whole of Tohoku district is supplying its labour force to Kei-Hin, and is forced the more to flow it out.
Kei-Hin labour circle went reorganization in about 1956, and internal differentiation of the area became conspicuous since 1959.
In future, another developing industry region than Kei-Hin will be newly shaped in the southern Kanto, and there will appear a large market of labour force. Under these circumstances a new change will take place in the internal structure and movement of Kei-Hin labour circle.

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Since the latter half of the middle age, lands covered with volcanic ashes in Japan were gradually turned to habitable areas by the progressive exploitation. A general tendency was such, however, a vast tract of wild land extensively remained untouched, where water facility condition was extremely bad, or common right to forest or land was complicatedly mixed or anything else. On the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji, we see an example of these cases.
The author intends not to study individual ‘shinden’ settlements situated on the foothills but to approach the problem in view of comparing them with exploitation done on the alluvial plain to the south. Distribution of ‘shinden’ settlements and process of their development were mainly considered.
A result shows that four patterns of distribution are distinguished; a) foothill sloping ground of sparse water holding, b) the Fuji delta and its neighbours, c) the northern Ukishima-ga-hara damp ground, and d) the coastal banks along the bay of Suruga. However, most of the newly reclamation works of rice field was carried on in the alluvial plains. In the Fuji delta region it was needed to change the stream course to the right bank of the Fuji river and organize a flood control and irrigation system. In the Ukishima-ga-hara it was of utmost necessity to construct tidewater controling banks and draining channels, and only a limited reclamation was put into practice near Ukishima-numa as the work at that time was hard and difficult. On the volcanic ash tracts of Fuji foothills exploitation of new settlements was dependent upon the possibility of drinking water security, cultivation there was mainly of upland crops.
Construction works were done on a large scale by the order of ‘daikan’ (local governor) in the delta plains, while reclamatin on the damp Ukishima-ga-hara was mostly small in size, such as ‘Murauke shinden’ and ‘Mitate shinden’, and these were relatively early of their origins. Exploitation works on the Fuji foothill slope were mostly of ‘Murauke’, small in general size and carried on later, the Enpo era (1673∼80) to the end of the Shogunate government.
The reason why exploitation was late on the hilly tracts was not only that the land was of volcanic ash soil reserving little water in it, but such other factors should be taken account of, as the direct control over forest lands by the central government, or common right of fodder gathering owned by neighbouring villages.

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