Woltor type 1 X-ray optics for laser fusion diagnostics has been developed. Its purpose is to image the soft X-ray emission for the laser target interaction region over a field of view of hundreds of μm with high sensitivity and micro resolution. It was fabricated by ultra precision grinding, super polishing and vacuum replication. These fabrication processes are described in this paper. The developed optics were tested in the laboratory with X-rays (C K_α ; λ= 44.8Å, Al K_α ; λ=8.3 Å, Ti K_α ; λ=2.7 Å). The results of that evaluation show that the developed optics has spatial resolution of several μm in a field of view of 1.2 mm. But, in the region of short wavelength (λ=2.7 Å), spatial resolution of this optics was worse. This paper also describes X-ray imaging test of laser plasma.

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アルミナ焼結体(純度92%)を用いてマイクロ波加熱及び接合を行った結果,以下の知見を得た.
(1) 直方体空胴共振器のアイリス,プランジャ及びマイクロ波出力を制御して,温度制御が容易(精度±10℃以内)なマイクロ波加熱制御システムを開発した.本システムを用いて,アルミナ焼結体を急速に,しかも局部的に加熱することができた.
(2) 加熱温度,加熱時間,如圧力を適正に選べば,母材を変形させずに,また強度を低下させずに加熱でき,これらの加熱条件はアルミナ焼結体の直接接合条件としても適用し得ることを確認した.
(3) アルミナ焼結体同士の接合強度は接合温度の上昇とともに大きくなり,1750℃以上では母材強度と同程度の接合強度が得られた.
(4) 接合部の境界は判別できず,接合面近傍と母材の組織には大きな差は認められなかった.このことより,マイクロ波接合の場合は,アルミナ粒子を溶融せずに粒界相成分のみを溶融して接合が行われているものと推測される.
(5) 92%アルミナ焼結体の異径の突き合わせ接合,丸棒とチップ,パイプとチップ等の接合が,ソルダなどの中間層を用いずに可能であった.

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Formerly, the present author discussed the applications of the 4×4 determinant method to various interference problems based on a polygon triangulation. In this paper he discusses its applications to interference problems without polygon triangulation. This advancement was mainly made by the development of a new containment test algorithm of a point in a polygon. The details of the algorithm are described in the paper. This paper suggests a possibility of creating a more powerful geometric engine than the TRIANGLE PROCESSOR.

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A robot simulator is presented which enables a robot operator to plan operation easily without the special knowledge of the robot, prior to its off-line teaching or programing. The simulator is based on the structural model developed in the CAD system for general machine units with motion, which is called HIMADES-1. This model incorporates not only a geometrical model of each part but also the hierarchical and topological relationship between the components with two types of transformation matrices. The general method, independent of the type of robot, is reported, which provides the consistent and intelligent algorithm to extract the necessary transformation matrices systematically from the structural model, to automatically generate the formulae for motion analyses including inverse kinematics as non-linear simultaneous equations, and to solve them. Some other unique functions utilizing the structural model are also shown.

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The purpose of this study is a development of a simple design method of stress analysis of bolted joint applicable to the general case. The T-flange joint is modeled using spring-beam elements and analyzed with finite element method. A new spring-beam model of T-flange is made taking the part of thread engagement into consideration. Using this new model the relationship between the applied load and the stress in the bolt is analyzed. The axial stress and the bending stress on the bolt are measured by strain gages to verify the results from the analysis of the T-flange of various geometry. The obtained results are as follows : (1) A simple and useful method to analyze the stress in the bolt in the T-flange joint is proposed. (2) The analytical results show good agreement with the experimental results.

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This paper introduces an active air bearing. In the conventional passive type, for example, in an air slide, a table is supported by the pressurized air film which can be considered as a spring and damper system. Thus, disturbances, i. e. various kinds of external force cause the table vibration as well as the change of the air film thickness and that of the table floating position. Moreover, motion accuracy of the table depends on accuracy of guideways. These suggest necessity of a mechanism capable of floating position and vibration control of an object. In the active air bearing, a PZT actuator is used for controlling floating characteristics ; floating position and vibration of the object. The actuator is arranged in series to the air film not to damage its property ; free of mechanical contact. Two degrees of freedom control system (PID-PD or PID-PDD²) is adopted for obtaining desired characteristics of floating position control and active damping of vibration. In experiments, a 9 kg mass object is floated under control with 20 nm vibration amplitude, and is positioned with 20 nm positioning accuracy, 500 Hz bandwidth and no-overshoot.

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This paper proposed the new algorithm for the minimum zone evaluation of conical taper parts measured by means of radial deviation method. As the mathematical formulae to achieve the minimum zone evaluation were nonlinear and complex, the simplex method, one of nonlinear optimization techniques, was applied. In this algorithm, computing was iterated to get a solution, then the converging criterion was settled. Furtheremore, the minimum zone values of conical taper part were compared with the least square values.

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This paper presents several cutting models for cutting the workpiece of piecewise linear profile with abrasive grain of a trapezoidal rake face. They are designed for the purpose of good application in analysis of the grinding mechanism, and are developed from the cutting models with abrasive grain of a triangular rake face that are previously presented. An energy method is developed based upon their models, which enables to predict the deformation and the components of cutting force by using the data in orthogonal cutting under equivalent cutting conditions. Then the cutting force components F_H and F_V are measured and further the transition state between the models are observed by changing the inclination and normal rake angles of the tool and the workpiece profile of piecewise linear. The model tool, which has a trapezoidal rake face and is made of sintered carbide are used in turning experiment. And the cylindrical workpiece which has thread on the cylindrical surface is used. The measured results are in good agreement with the analytical results.

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This paper describes an analytical prediction system for flank wear, which is based on the wear characteristic equation verified experimentally in the previous paper, and enables to simulate wear progress of the flank wear of tungsten carbide tools in turning plain carbon steels without built-up edge. Finite difference temperature analysis, assuming a single shear plain cutting model, is conducted by changing flank frictional stress distribution until constant wear rate is achieved everywhere on the flank wear land. Predicted tool life, temperature and stresses on the flank wear land are all in reasonable agreement with their experimental results, even in changing cutting speed, feed and material cut. The system of analytical prediction, therefore, bears practical usage, though the system is so elemental and crude at present that it must be refined in many respects.

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In electrolytic-abrasive mirror finishing, there are two kinds of working actions; (1) electrolytic dissolution of the anode metal which governs removal rate of the metal, (2) grain size of abrasives which governs roughness of the worked surface. In order to reduce undulation of finished mirror surface, these two working actions are necessary for homogenizing the workpiece. Two kinds of workpieces (plate and cylinder) are used in this study. In case of cylinder workpiece, the shape accuracy of sub-micron is obtained by using high feed rate. In case of plate workpiece, the shape accuracy of sub-micron is obtained by using high feed rate of the X-axis and small shifting pitch of the Y-axis.

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This paper describes the development of a magneto-pressed polishing tool of planetary motion type for the purpose of robot-polishing of curved surface. The previously developed tool of uni-axis type is likely to create waviness on a polished surface, because of uneven distribution of stock removal rate across the path of the grinding wheel. The newly developed tool, however, has three grinding wheels, each of which is fixed to one of the shafts of ball splines and revolves while turning on its own axis. This mechanism smoothens uneven distribution of number of grains which pass over the vicinity of a point, which results in even distribution of stock removal. Therefore, the planetary tool realizes not only high polishing efficiency but also excellent surface quality. In this paper, an analysis is given of the distribution of stock removal, and a cross sectional shape is measured to certify the reduction of the unevenness.

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Due to its superior thermal and mechanical characteristics, a silicon nitride ceramics has been expected to be used for cutting tool materials. It has been reported that silicon nitride ceramic tools show good performance in machining cast iron, but large wear has been observed on the tools in machining carbon steel. In the case of cutting carbon steel, it has been assumed that the reaction between Si and Fe is the major cause of the large wear. If the assumption is correct, the reason must be clarified as to why the silicon nitride ceramic tool shows good wear resistance to the cast iron consisting of Fe. The purpose of this report is to thus clarify the tool wear and the cutting performance of silicon nitride ceramic tools in turning cast iron, and to study mechanisms having good wear resistance to the cast iron. Gray cast iron FC 25, continuous-casted iron FC 25-CC, ductile cast iron FC 25 D and carbon steel S 50 C were turned in the laboratory air, and in a sealed chamber in which the atmosphere was changeable. The results obtained were as follows : (1) The wear of the silicon nitride ceramic tool in turning FC 25-CC or FCD 25 was as large as that of turning S 50 C. (2) In the case of turning FC 25 in the laboratory air, the wear of the silicon nitride tool decreased with an increase in the cutting speed, and the protective layers consisting of Al-Mn oxide were observed on the rake face of the tool at high cutting speeds. (3) In the case of turning FC 25 in a low oxygen content atmosphere, the wear of the silicon nitride tool increased, and adhesion of the chips was observed on the rake face. On the contrary, in the case of turning FC 25-CC, no differences between the wear in the laboratory air and the wear in the low oxygen content atmosphere were observed.

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加工中に発生する砥粒の破砕とラップ液のpH変化に関する基礎的な実験を行った結果,次のことが明らかになった.
(1)砥粒はラップ液のpHを増加させる.このときのpH変化は加工中の破砕による砥粒表面積の増加に関係がある.
(2)ラッピング中に生じる砥粒の破砕の様子はラップ液のpHを測定することにより定性的に知ることができる.
(3)ラップ液のpHの測定は砥粒の破砕現象に基づいて最適なラップ圧力とラップ剤濃度の推定を可能にしている.

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This paper deals with the generated process and a preventive measure of the burning in the cylindrical traverse grinding of the high depth of cut. The experiment was carried out to examine the surface layer, the hardness and the surface configuration at the burning position of the workpiece. And also, the change of wheel configuration and the loading in the grinding process were investigated. The main conclusions obtained are as follows: (1) The workpiece burn occurs darkly at the starting position of traverse grinding, but disappears as the grinding proceeds. The reason why burning occurs is considered that spark-out grinding can not be done due to the shrinkage of workpiece diameter which is expanded by the generated grinding heat. (2) The workpiece burn exerts a bad influence on the dimensional accuracy and the machining properties. However, careful attention should be paid to the thermal damage even when no visual burning is observed. (3) The loading closely relates to the occurrence of workpiece burn. (4) The wheel dressed to the stepped configuration with the same width as the traverse feed has a good grinding performance in high depth of cut grinding and prevents the workpiece burn.

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Mirror-like cutting of ferreous metals with CBN cutting tools is discussed experimentally in this paper. For the purpose of the mirror-like cutting, single crystal CBN cutting tools are developed. The wearing test of the single crystal CBN is carried out to ascertain the optimum crystallographic orientation of flank surface. The wear resistance in <211> direction on (111) plane is the largest, so the (111) plane is chosen as the flank surface for single crystal CBN tools, and <211> direction on (111) plane as the cutting direction on the flank surface. The polished flank surface roughness of 0.005-0.008 μmR_max can be obtained using fine diamond grinding wheel whose working surface roughness is kept within 1 μmR_max. Using this single crystal CBN cutting tool, machined surface roughness of less than 0.05 μmR_max has been achieved for hardened stainless steel (HRC 52). Although the tool lives in single crystal CBN tools have not been sufficient (about 200 m cutting length), the use of the new tools expected in a drastic reduction of the polishing time for the hardened stainless steel mold dies.

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In this paper the fundamental investigations are performed to measure the stresses at the cutting edge and to analyze the occurring mechanism of initial damage. Under the simplified two dimensional cutting condition, the object of study is wedge shaped plane with uniformly distributing oblique load which is imagined 60 degrees of the tool angle for an example. Specimens are made of acrylate resin plate of about 3 mm thickness. The Caustics patterns formed by reflected lights from the both surfaces of plate are observed and those characteristics with loading conditions are investigated in detail. On the other hand the computational theoretical patterns by the formulae based on mapping method are plotted. It is clarified that these two patterns are coincided accurately enough.

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In order to investigate the grooving performance of ceramic insert tools, cutting test was conducted on low and medium carbon steel under various conditions. Wear patterns, wear rates and chip shapes were observed precisely and also acoustic emission (AE) signals in grooving were measured and analysed for the recognition of cutting state. Main results obtained were as follows : (1) The failure of ceramic tools in grooving operation largely depends on the generation and disposal of the chip, and segregation of tool rake face near the cutting edge easily occurs on brittle tools. In grooving low carbon steel, side flank face tends to break because of the adhesion of work material. (2) It is possible to use TiC added ceramic tools for grooving medium carbon steel. In this case, emulsion type cutting fluid works effectively to dispose chips and improve the surface roughness, but tends to increase the rake face chipping of the tool. (3) The measurement and analysis of AE signals during grooving operation helps to detect the chip forming condition or tool breakages, and it can be used as the signal of successful cutting.

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In recent years, it has been found that a widely-used plate spring for a measuring instrument, a multi-purpose plastic, a paper sheet, a fabric and so on have the characteristic of large deflection. Therefore, it is of great technological interest to know, for various loading styles, what kind of deflection occurs and how the deflection appears. In this report, analytical solutions are derived for several flexural quantities such as a deflection, an arc length, a curvature, a bending stress and it is proved that the load bearing capacity of beam becomes higher in the presence of friction. An experiment is performed to confirm the applicability of the proposed large deflection theory. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical ones. Moreover, a reduction technique is presented to estimate easily the specified flexural quantities in large deflection states from a conventional linear bending theory.

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High accurate worm gears can be effectively used as an angle dividing standard. Wildhaber worm gearing is a kind of hourglass worm gearing. Due to the geometrical simplicity, its worm and worm wheel can be easily finished and accurately measured. This study describes a precision grinding method of the Wildhaber worm. Hobbing machine can cut the hourglass worms, but cannot give them higher accuracy than its master worm gears. To overcome this limitation, a special grinding device is made. The features of this grinding device are as follows : the linear motion of ball screw gives a grinding spindle very accurate circular feed, and this device has no mechanical connection between that circular feed and the rotation of the workpiece. In the first place, the working accuracy of the device was measured. The rotational accuracy of the rotary table relative to the worm was 1 second of arc. The accuracy of the ground worm using this device was 1.5 second of arc.

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Cooling and lubricant actions of surface active agents of water soluble type grinding fluids have quantitatively been measured as the cooling and lubricant moduli. Experimental grinding results are compared with grinding results calculated by the model of multipliable effects on cooling and lubricant actions of grinding fluids. Main conclusions are as follows : (1) Experimental grinding results have a close relation to grinding results predicted by the model of multipliable effects. (2) The model of multipliable effects can accurately predict the optimum concentration with minimum grinding results. (3) Influential factors of cooling and lubricant actions are not affected by the kind of grinding fluids.

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