本稿では, 空気軸受の原理を利用して取扱いの難しい細長いフレキシブルな素材 (ウェブ) を非接触で搬送する技術に関し, 主として著者が現在行っている研究の一端を紹介させて頂いた.なお紙数の都合でここでは取り上げなかったが, ウェブ巻き取り時のウェブ層間の残留空気膜厚さの評価やウェブをガイドローラに密着させてウェブの駆動に利用する方法などについても現在研究が進められていることを付記しておく.本稿がこのような問題に携わっておられる技術者の方々にとって何らかのご参考になれば幸いである.

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DNA分子を搬送するのに,DNAの構造相転移を活用し,グロビュール状態でのDNA分子を誘電泳動力を用いて搬送する手法を紹介した.コイル状態のDNA分子よりもグロビュール状態のDNA分子の方が安定に搬送することができ,搬送には適しているといえる.また,本手法は電場のスイッチングにより,DNA分子の泳動方向を鋭敏に切り換えられる特徴があり,高速搬送が可能である.今後DNA分子の泳動速度と電場および環境条件との関係を定量的に評価する必要がある.また,将来的に巨大DNA分子をコンパクト化し,DNA分子を大きさ別に搬送し分離する必要がある.

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2-D software datum named as the 2-D mixed method has been constructed to measure mirror surface profiles. The probe of this method consists of two displacement and two angle sensors. Differential calculation of outputs of these four sensors eliminates pitch, roll and the z-directional translation errors of the scanning stages. An autonomous procedure to estimate and compensate the zero-adjustment error among these four sensors is also proposed. By using this software datum, 2-D profiles of ultra-precision surfaces can be measured absolutely without using any external reference. An experimental probe for realizing the 2-D mixed method has been developed and a mirror surface of 128 mm long and 64 mm wide was measured with the probe. Repeatability of measurements and reproducibility compared with the differential angle method have shown high reliability of the proposed method

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This paper presents a method for measuring the wear and tear of cutting edges of diamond blade using an image processing system. The threshold value of brightness is decided by the maximum differential value of the brightness between two adjacent pixels. With the threshold value of brightness, the captured gray scale images are transformed into a binary image, and the profile trace of cutting edges is drawn. With the profile trace, the magnitude of the wear and tear of the cutting edges is discussed.

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マイクロ振動子を用いた情報・センシング機器の高速化, 高感度化を目的に, 2本の微小はりにおける, 減衰と振動連成を解析した.はりを球の集合で置き換え, 単一球の周囲流を重ね合わせてはりの空気抵抗を求め, はり寸法が等しい場合の振幅比, 構造減衰を考慮した振幅比, 1本のはりの減衰比を簡便に求める式を導出した.また実験により理論の妥当性を示した.主な結論を以下に示す
(1) 導出した理論式によれば, 1本のはりの減衰比は, はりが小さいほど大きく, これは前報の実験値 (シリコンはり) とよく一致する.
(2) 導出した理論式によれば, 2本のはりにおける振動連成ははり寸法, はり間隔, 内部摩擦が小さいほど大きく, これは拡大実験による結果とよく一致する.
(3) 以上の成果を実際の振動子の設計に適用できるように, シリコンおよびパーマロイはりの振動連成抑圧条件を簡便に求める図を作成した.

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本研究では, 面ベース表現に基づくフィーチャテンプレートの表現法と, これを用いた複合フィーチャ生成法およびフィーチャ切出しの方法を提案した.この結果,
(1) 商用システムで実現されている終端指定を, フィーチヤテンプレートにおける仮想面により, シンボル記述で簡潔に表現する.
(2) 仮想面同士の組合せの方を定めることで, パタンフィーチャや, リブ付きボスのような複合フィーチャ, および付加/除去の混在したフィーチャなどのように, 商用システムで行われている1回のスケッチ&スイープでは実現不可能な複合フィーチャを表現する.
(3) 既存立体から切り出した部分形状を切出し面の仮想面化により, フィーチャ境界面が伸縮自由な新規フィーチャへ変換する.ことが実現できた.本方法により, フィーチャをCADシステムに依存しないシンボル記述によるライブラリとして登録し, フィーチャをキーとした設計背景情報の蓄積・利用, フィーチャ名およびその構成面からの製品モデルの検索が可能となる.今後の課題は, フィーチャ寸法の拘束記述とその解法, およびパラメトリック処理とそれに付随するID問題である.また, 稜線特性によるフィーチャ認識とそのテンプレート化手法も検討している.

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部品接触グラフを部分グラフの和で表現することによって, 溶接工程の作業単位を生成する, そのため, 関節点を基準とする発見的技法を適用する.生成された溶接工程計画を評価するためには, 部品と溶接軌道との干渉チェック, ポジショナの傾斜回転, 面接触特徴, 溶接継手加工量と溶着金属量を基準とする.関節点を基準とするグラフ分割方法は溶接工程計画の候補群の生成によい手段と考えられるが, 今後は, 補強材などの部材を取り扱う工程計画を生成するために, ループを含むグラフに対象を拡張する予定である.

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When machining a spherical surface along a contour line with a ball-end mill at high feed speed, the finished surface roughness is greatly affected by the tilting angle of the tool axis. In order to obtain fine surface roughness, this paper proposes concepts of optimum tilting angle and minimum surface roughness for spherical surface machining. The computer simulation demonstrates that the surface roughness can be dramatically improved by tilting the tool axis with an optimum tilting angle, as compared with machining by employing the normal vector on the surface as the tool axis. Furthermore, a mathematical expression has been established by applying the Powell method squares to calculate the optimum tilting angle and the minimum surface roughness under any machining condition. The effectiveness of the estimation for both optimum tilting angle and the minimum surface roughness is also proved, as the estimating error is small enough to satisfy requirements.

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When a thin film on a substrate, or a multilayer thin film is irradiated by an ion beam, surface, interface, and the films undergo extensive changes as a result of ion beam induced mixing phenomena. The aim of this study is to use high energy ion beam mixing at the interface between a multilayer and substrate, and to investigate the parameters which can be used to control the mixing profile and the width of mixing layers. Au (30nm) - C (400nm) -Au (30nm) multilayers were deposited on Si and C substrates. These samples were irradiated by 1.5 and 2.0MeV Ni⁺ and Ag⁺ ion beams, and irradiation doses were 5.0 × 10¹⁵, 1.0 × 10¹⁶, 1.7 × 10¹⁶ and 2.0 × 10¹⁶ion/cm². RBS was used to investigate the interfacial mixing profiles. A tandem type accelerator was used for high energy ion irradiation and the RBS measurements. The relation between ballistic effect such as collisional cascade, thermodynamic effect (thermal spike) for high energy ion beam mixing, sputtering effect caused by ion beam irradiation was also investigated. From these results, it is concluded that ion beam mixing caused by atomic migration depends on irradiation dose and energy as well as irradiation ion and substrate constituent atom's chemical properties.

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The method of the simulation developed by this study is based on replacing an actual grinding process to a computer program as faithfully as possible, where working model of effective grains, their cutting mechanism, effect of machine rigidity, etc. are taken into account. This paper describes the comparison of the simulated results with the experimental ones in various grinding modes, that is, cylindrical plunge grinding, cylindrical traverse grinding, surface grinding and internal grinding. A CBN wheel is employed in a cylindrical plunge grinding mode, and in other grinding modes an aluminum oxide grain and a green silicon carbide grain wheel are used. Performance of the simulation needs to model cutting edges of grains suitably which are determined by truing-dressing operation, a wheel composition, etc. In any grinding mode the simulated results agree well with the experimental ones. In order to obtain the useful results by the simulation, it is important to input the suitable parameters for the cutting edge wear, standard deviation of cutting edge distribution on wheel and specific grinding force of work material.

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This paper treats the construction of expert system for process planning in grinding. The grinding wheels are standardized and the definition of shape elements is simplified. From the rules of tool selection and processing order for each reference surface, the computer program for determination of the order of grinding is executed. In the system, the initial data are input through the data base software on the market, and the solution of the grinding order of a given part is determined for various reference surfaces. The confirmation of the effectiveness of the system is shown by an example.

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NC旋盤の構造形態を13種類に分類し, 構造形態の特徴とNC旋盤の仕様の決定要因を工作機械のユーザである生産技術者と工作機械メーカの設計者にアンケート調査を行った.調査によって13種類の構造形態はそれぞれ固有の特徴をもつことを示し, 仕様決定のための要因を明らかにした.また, 調査結果をもとに各構造形態に対して人間工学的な検討を行い, 各構造形態がもつ特徴は人間工学による解析結果と一致することを明らかにした.さらに, 調査結果と人間工学による解析結果をもとにニューラルネットワークを用いたNC旋盤の設計支援システムを構築し, 構築したシステムによる評価は調査結果と一致することを示し, 構築したNC旋盤設計支援システムが有効に機能することを確認した.
本報告では, NC旋盤の構造形態と仕様の決定要因から設計支援システムを構築した.今後は, 決定された仕様に基づいて各ユニットの設計を支援するCAEシステムを構築する予定である.

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This paper describes some experiments for breaking a liquid crystal display panel using YAG laser. Popular mechanical cutting of the glass panel using small diamond wheel is not always high quality which brings lower productivity of the panel. Precise breaking of the panel with non-contact method using CO₂ laser, is recently conducted enthusiastically. The excellent results, however, have not been obtained. Present experiments focus on high quality breaking of the display panel of STN liquid crystal in which some lenses of different focus are used. Breaking tests are performed in air under an ambient temperature using different size of specimens including the notchted ones. It is found that effective spot size of laser on the surface of specimen increases with the usage of longer focus lens which is related closely to the breaking quality of the glass. The lens with shorter focal length elevates the breaking rate of the glass plate and also improves the breaking quality of it. The experiments show that the rate of breaking is independent upon the size of the plate, but it is dependent on the shape of notch made at edge of the specimen. The choice of optimum condition for the breaking yields less meandering main crack and non-branching cracks which deteriorate the breaking quality of the glass plate.

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Shear-mode grinding can effectively be used to remove existing damage in surface ground in brittle-mode. This conclusion stems from observing the actual depth of cut and normal grinding force for each grinding pass as the initis lly damaged surface is being incrementally removed. When the specific grinding energy calculated by those values reaches the asymptotic values, the damaged layer has been re-moved. The total depth of material that must be removed in order that none of the initial damage remains is 6 times the maximum roughness of the initial surface. This result suggests that shear-mode grinding does not propagating subsurfaoe damage left by brittle-mode grinding.

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This study has been done for the purpose of understanding the mechanisms by which the grinding wheel topographies are formed. The irregularity of distribution of grain tips over the wheel surface and the complexity of their morphology can be characterized by the fractal dimensions. Therefore, it was investigated how the fractal dimensions correlated with the dressing parameters and the composition and properties of wheels themselves. Based on the experimental data, the models adequate to describe the mechanisms were built by the technique, which is called “group method of data handling”. On the basis of the obtained models, the following conclusions could be drawn. (1) The dressing at bigger depth of cut on the harder-grade and more open wheel results in the increased morphological complexity of grain tips. (2) The finer dressing on the denser wheel results in the decreased irregularity of grain tips distribution.

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前側が背面組合せ (DB) と正面組合せ (DF) のいずれかで後側が背面組合せのアンギュラ玉軸受支持スピンドル系の軸受内負荷分布と静剛性について汎用的理論式を導き, 種々の予圧を付与した小型平面研削盤スピンドルに対する理論解析結果および実験結果を比較検討した.結果を要約すると以下のようである.
(1) スピンドル系の静剛性はDFよりDBの方が高いことならびにいずれの組合せに対しても理論解析結果は実験結果によく適合することを確認できた.
(2) DB-DB支持軸受一スピンドル系の前部負荷側軸受の場合, 外部荷重に対応して軸受内最大玉荷重を極小にする最適予圧は現れないが, DF-DB支持軸受一スピンドル系の前部負荷側軸受では最適予圧が明確に現れる.
(3) アンギュラ玉軸受内負荷分布状態はDBよりDFの組合せで使用した方が平均化し, 軸受内最大玉荷重も小さい.したがって, スピンドル系のはく離寿命の点ではDFはDBより優れているといえる.

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In order to improve the sound environment in workshop, the quality of machining noise which is produced in honing operation is investigated using Semantic Differential. The noises produced in milling and forging operations are used to compare with the honing sound. The main results obtained are follows. The coordinate of semantic space is derived using factor analysis : its first factor, “powerful” factor; and second factor, “metallic” factor. But it is not easy to find an appropriate index for third factor of “pleasant” in these machining sounds. These three sounds have high loadings on “powerful” factor, and the impression of “powerful” factor increases in the order of honing, forging and milling. Forging and honing sounds have high loadings on “metallic” factor, but the milling sound has low loadings on it. As the sound pressure increases, the impression of “powerful” and “metallic” factors becomes stronger.

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The productivity of machining centers is influenced strongly by the quality of NC programs. To investigate the productivity, an NC program simulator has been developed to analyze and evaluate an NC program by decoding its NC codes. With the simulator, even before the actual machining, the tool paths can be displayed and the operational times occupied in the positioning feed motion and cutting feed motion, etc. can be calculated. The effects of the maximum speed and the acceleration of positioning feed on the productivity have been analyzed. Additionally, the influence of feedrate override function to shorten the operational time has been investigated in the conventional and the high speed cutting, respectively. From the results obtained from analyzing three NC programs, it is found that the effectiveness of the override function depends on the relation among the average moving distance, the commanded feedrate and the acceleration of cutting feed. Especially, in the case of the NC program for machining dies or molds, the productivity will be hardly improved using faster feedrate, because the actual feedrate hardly increases as expected due to the tiny moving distances of NC blocks. High speed & high precision function, which is an advanced optional function, is much more effective not only to improve the productivity but also to keep the machining accuracy of high speed cutting.

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本論文で得られた結論は以下のとおりである,
(1) 研削抵抗による砥石軸の弾性変位量をうず電流式非接触変位計で検出する新しいインプロセス研削抵抗測定システムを開発し, 加工現場での研削抵抗監視に十分な性能を持つことが確認された.
(2) 圧電式動力計は, 工作物の固定方法の影響で, 工作物と動力計流入する加工熱に起因する見掛けの力がノイズとして測定信号に重畳する.しかし, 砥石軸動力計の場合このような加工熱に起因する測定ノイズは本質的に混入しない.
(3) 従来の研削理論では, 研削点における工作物の曲率半径すなわち半径が等しい区間を加工する際の研削抵抗は一定と考えられるが, 輪郭加工中は研削抵抗の大きさが異なる.このことは, 実質の砥石切込み量に対する工作物および/あるいは砥石の熱変形の影響を示唆していると考えられる.

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気相合成ダイヤモンドの機械的強度を知ることを目的に, アーク放電プラズマジェヅトCVD法, 高周波プラズマCVD法および直流プラズマCVD法により合成した数百μm厚さのダイヤモンド薄板の強度を三点曲げ試験により評価し, 結晶の成長状態と強度との関係について検討した.以下に得られた結果を示す.
(1) 三点曲げ試験により気相合成ダイヤモンドの曲げ強さが評価できることを示した.
(2) 気相合成ダイヤモンド曲げ強さは, アーク放電プラズマジェットCVDダイヤモンドで0.5～08 GPa, 高周波プラズマCVDダイヤモンドで03-0.8GPa, 直流プラズマCVDダイヤモンドで0.7～1.5GPaであった.
(3) 粒径の小さい結晶からなる気相合成ダイヤモンドの方が大きい結晶からなるものより曲げ強さが大きい.

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