The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of common forests in modern suburban villages. Although before the Second World War common forests played an important role in producing firewood and manure, today villagers do not rely on the common forest getting fuel and fertilizer, so most of the common forests have become valueless. But some remain valuable as a result of the reorganization of ownership and use. Especially, in suburban areas, forest land has become profitable in the process of urbanization.
There are 26 common forests in Higashi-Hiroshima City which is located in the Hiroshima metropolitan area. Some of them have seen changes in their land use in order to get high level incomes, while others have not.
The author made a comparison between high-income common forests and low-income ones, from two points of view:
a) the process of land use change
b) the relationships with the village community
The main results of this investigation are as follows:
1. Ownership of common forests influences the changing land use. Once native residents are guaranteed their vested rights on the land, they promote construction of a residential area to get income.
2. The two common forests which earn high-level income function as a source revenue for the community. Because of this the community becomes more active and the members equip themselves with facilities supported by the income of the forest.
3. The managers of the large-income forest are leaders of the community. Today they are middle-class people. They obtain exclusive possession of the operations of common forest. They decide on the use of land and the use of money. They are backed by all the members, because their ability is considered valuable to manage common forest.
4. Although the old-time neibourhood units of Japan“Oaza”do not function any more as such, they are revied in the case of some common forests.

抄録全体を表示

In the frequently inundated Nishikanbara Area, the Jogo District, located in the upper reaches, had conflicts with, the Gego District, located in the lower reaches, over its irrigation and drainage.
Gego, suffering from poor drainage, organized the Shinkawa Sosui Regular Water-Use Cooperative in advance of the Jogo District, and improved its drainage by bearing a part of the cost of prefectural work. But this aggravated their conflict.
Then the Jogo District, suffering from a shortage of irrigation water, organized the Jogo Flood Prevention Cooperative on the condition that it bear all the cost of works in the Gego District and that works in Gego preceded those of Jogo, and succeeded in big prefectural works to improve drainage of the Gego District and irrigation of the Jogo District. These works adjustted their conflict, but they extended over long years and imposed a heavy burden on Jogo.
Thus Jogo completed a new irrigation system at a great cost. Jogo compensated the area on the left bank in the lower reaches for its water loss, when it took much more irrigation water at the upper intakes. But it was able to take water without any trouble and without any compensation for Gego located on the right bank in the lower reaches.
Therefore Jogo, behind Gego in implementation of works to improve irrigation and drainage, succeeded in obtaining a sufficient supply of irrigation water. On the other hand, former works to improve drainage in the Gego District became less effective on account of the increase in drainage water from Jogo as the works of Jogo progressed. Accordingly, at some parts of Gego new works for drainage were carried out.
Consequently, adjustment of conflict concerning irrigation and drainage between the two areas in the upper reaches and lower reaches requires organization of water cooperatives that gains a consensus of the area and bears allotment of works. Then the adjustment is arranged by intervention of the nation or the prefecture with large funds. Also in paddy field farming areas it is important that works to improve drainage are implemented with consideration for new supplies of irrigation water.

抄録全体を表示

A large number of studies and researches on“Indigenous Industry”have already been done in Japan, using different approaches to various subject issues. At this point in time when almost two decades have past since the end of the postwar rapid economic growth period, it has become possible for us to objectively evaluate the content of structural change which took place in an indigenous industry during that period.
This paper aims at the review of academic achievements made so far in this area of concern so as to identify still remaining issues and problems and to suggest an alternative framework of study to respond to the above-identified issues and problems.
“Indigenous Industry”was generally seen as synonymous with traditional industry. In the 1970's, however, the concept of an indigenous industry was newly introduced to understand the changes in its structures during the postwar rapid economic growth period and the accompanying issues and problems in the period of low economic growth after the 60's. With the emergence of“Regionalism”, the study of indigenous industry gained further momentum when its dynamic role was emphasized as a main factor in regional economic development or growth.
In the studies of position and its change in indigenous industry, the main focus was given to the aspects of environmental changes and their resultant effects on structural changes of indigenous industries, particularly in the post high-growth period. The three dimensions of analysis adopted in these studies were the demand-and-supply structures of the products of indigenous industries concerned, and the international relationships in the said context. These studies, however, seem unsuccessful in that the conclusions given still remain in the range of hypothesis mainly because of the correlation among the said three dimensions being left obscure.
In the studies of the development base of indigenous industry, it was attested that among the most salient factors in the development base are production and marketing structures based on social division. Those structures, however, are very much diversified. Hence, they must be categorized in accordance with such criteria as location, history, and industrial system so as to give account to positions and characteristics of respective industries within this framework. In my view, categorization based on the pattern of development process of indigenous industries would bear more meaningful significance, for it would help us better recognize the direction of industrial development. The studies conducted in this suggested line have been very few so far.
One of the most fundamental and challenging works for us, is to specifically clarify the interrelationship and/or relevance between indigenous industries and local characteristics of the industry's area. The“Regional Approach”has arisen, along with the growth of interest in dynamic role of indigenous industries in regional economy and society, and the studies in this line have been more actively pursued. The issues focused on in this approach, however, have differed from one another according to academic stance. For example, Geographers utilized this approach mainly for the study of industrial communities, while, Regionalists more positively estimated and emphasized the important role of indigenous industries in regional development.
Studies on the problems, visions, and promotion policies of Indigenous Industries have so far been done more in the field of Economics rather than in Geography. Most of those studies commonly regarded as problems the issues of changes in environmental factors in which indigenous industries operated, responses to those changes from the industries, and resultant contradictions in the interaction process. Hence, those issues must further be examined based on the unique, specific characteristics of indigenous industries.

抄録全体を表示

Consumer behaviour has been studied in many disciplines. Geographical study of consumer behaviour has in particular changed focus from the location of retail trade to consumer behaviour itself, namely, the spatial choices of consumers.
The purpose of the study is to clarify the personal characteristics which affect the behavior of shopping-place choice by looking at the personal external and internal characteristics, not as an aggregation of separate characteristics, but as a unity. On March, 1989 data for this study were collected through mail survey of 107 housewives in Kwangju City, Korea. The collected data were analyzed by Hayashi's‘Quantification Theory II’and the Chi square test.
The major results of this study are as follows:
1) Shopping places are divided into three types: CBD hard core; CBD edge; and residential districts. The intensity of the relationship between shopping place and personal characteristics becomes weaker from CBD hard core to CBD edge to residential district.
2) When the external characteristics which primarily affbt shopping place decision are compared, the external characteristics become stronger from residential districts to CBD edge to CBD hard core.
3) Common characteristics which exert effects on the three shopping place types are education, income, previous residence (external), consciousness of shopping and conviction of shopping (internal).
4) A Chi-square test was adopted to find the characteristics which have the most deep relationship with the others, such as education. After that, the relationship between shopping place decision and characteristics category was clarified by the category score on the basis of education. The major results are; (1) education has the strongest relationship with income, and high income groups have an inclination to select the CBD hard core as shopping place; (2) the factors which have a deep relationship with income are occupation and goods attitudes; (3) the major householder's occupations of the high income group are self-management and commerce, and the high income group usually has a preference for new good; (4) finally, the high education group selects the CBD hard core as shopping place on basis of these facts.
5) Generally, the decision-making of shopping place is accomplished in accordance with the following process: First, external characteristics motivate and stimulate internal characteristics. Second, space of cognition is formed by information and attitude. Third, space of preference is formed by conviction. Finally, space of choice, that is, selection of shopping place, is formed.
As a future research subject, it is necessary that the correlation among variables must be studied by a more dynamic analysis of the decision-making process.

抄録全体を表示

The author studied the mechanism of industrial communities through their formation and reorganization processes.
Through these investigations, it became clear that the industrial communities having a head-office enterprise were most likely to revive. The author selected the Ube mining-manufacturing region as the subject of investigation, because of its head-office enterprise.
This paper discusses the formation and reorganization of industrial communities, and attempts to pursue these factors. The term, “industrial community”, as used in this paper, signifies a regional manufacturing enterprise developed and functionally organized around diverse industrial activities.
Ube City is in Yamaguchi Prefecture. This city had a population of 175, 000 in 1986.
The results of the study are summarized as follows:
1. The Ube regional mining and manufacturing community was formed first by coal-mining industries. Although the coal-mining industries have collapsed, the accumulation of manufacturing industries originating from coal-mining industries was able to revive Ube. Today's main activities are chemical industries.
2. Both external and internal factors contributed to the formation of the industrial community. External factors were raw materials, a harbor, and the accumulation of mining and manufacturing industries. Internal factors were manpower resources, especially management, and administrative-technical personnel.
3. Management was the key to promoting coal-mining industries and to reviving the regional industry through manufacturing. Administrative-technical personnel assisted management with technical knowledge.
4. Management and administrative-technical personnel actually took the leadership of not only production but also of local administration, for it was important to the formation and the reorganization of industrial communities.

抄録全体を表示