In the Lake Biwa plain, there are several districts which the jori-systems are not yet geographically reconstructed, although many historical researches have been made for this rural planning in ancient Japan. Inukami-gun is a case in point. However, it has become easier to reconstruct the system, owing to the recent and excellent study by Mr. Iyanaga on the two maps of antiquity. These are a sort of cadastral maps in 751 A.D. with respect to the manors of Todai-ji. viz. Minuma-sho and Heru-sho, which originals are now in Shosoin's safekeeping.
The author has invesitgated the jori-system of Inukami-gun by means of the analysis of these worn-out maps, many cadestres in the Meiji era and the placenames related to the system etc. The result is indicated as the figure II & III. The designation of tsubo (1 cho square, about 11.9 ares) was the Paralleling type and the first tsubo begans as from the north-eastern corner of sato (6 cho square, about 650 metres square) as the othre guns in the eastern Biwa basin. And the jo was reckoned from the northern boundary of gun to the southern in its number, the sato from the eastern to the western. In the jori-system, the land is divided as a rule by lines running like a checker-work. The allotments of the paddy fields based on the system in this district had a direction of N 31°∼34° E along the lengthwise lines as in the cases of Echi-gun and Kanzaki-gun. In addition to the fact that the direction of land-division was common to all of the three guns, one basic line of jori was perhaps after the model of Tosando which was one of the main roads in ancient times. But we find some diversity and discrepancy between the designations of tsubo in 3 guns. These facts tell that Tosando was constructed in the first place, the landdivision according to the jori-system was performed secondly and finally the names of tsubo, jo and sato were given. The jori-system was put in force typically in relation to paddy-fields which was situated on the marginal portion of the fan and the upper older deltas. In these lands, the fields were irrigated mainly from many springs at the fan margin. And the strips has generally a narrow, long form, nagaji-typed (fig. 1). But becuse this district had belonged to the advanced region in ancient Japan, the fan was brought under cultivation in considerably earlier times. On the case, the irrigation canal “Ichinai” had played a large part. According to fig. II and fig. V which shows 3 head-to-margin profiles of the Inukami fan, we can find the jori-typed paddy fields even in the middle area of the fan. The period that man setteles in this land, therefore, was not very later than that of the fan margins.
On the lakeward margin of the deltas, there are narrow marshy zone where we can'ot find any jori-typed. However, by the above mentiond old maps, we understand that this marginal area was reclaimed in ancient times. Consequently, it is considered that in the course of 1200 years a diastrophic subsidence of the delta margins or a elevation of the level of the lake water occured. The change of the level of the water is measured vertically more over 2 meters.

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In Tonami-Region, there are many communities devided into two parts (two main geograpraphical districts), and each pair has its own name such as uppre-lower, east-west, higher-lower and others. And there are reciprocal and competitive functions abont religious and political matters between these two parts. I can not say that it ought to be called as the dual organisation akin to that recognized among primitive societies. In this region, however, most of which consists of deluvial fan and its surrounding mountains, the institution has considerable functions or roles in their coumuity life. For competition between two parts must have functioned as a stimulus for improvement on exploitation, cultivation and others, and the principle of political democracy through this institution was a kind of soothing medicine against in-group antagonisms. Therefore, the problems in this article are snmmarized as follows:
(1) The dual division in the plain communities tends to transform itself into more elaborate and formal one. So the process of disorganization is obvious, and at present it is observed clearly only in childrens society and religious features. The institution is going to die out here.
(2) In the mountain communities, on the contrary, it tends to be complicated and specialized one more and more. Crystalization of many other institntions into powerful dual division might be supposed here.
(3) Dual division or dual organization ought to be said as an expression of democratic situation of societies, and at the same time it must be complementary to class or social stratification systems. If so, I would like to undrstand that the above mentioned two cases suggest the two directions of evolutional scheme at the same time. It is too mnch to say that the so called “dual organization” in primitive society is a specialized form of the latter case.

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Japanese fishery was largely revolutionized by the use of motor-boats in the 2nd decade of 20th ceutury. With bonito-angle, tuna-tralling, mackerel-purse-seine, and dragnet fishery as their chief means, off-shore fisheries gradually took the place of coastal fisheries which predominated fomerly, and the amount of fishing products has remarkably increased with the development of them. On the other hand, the inner-structur of fishing villages has been influenced highly by the developsment of this capitalistic way of fishing, off-shore fisheries, and fishing ports as centers of them developed among those fishing villages which were largely similar to each other. “Kisen-sokoliki” is one of the dragnet fisheries which are simlar to trawling and most popular as off-shore fisheries in Japan. The present writer inquired into a process of the development of “Kisen-sokobiki” which has exclusively developed as off-shore fisheries in Tajima (northern coast of Hyogo prefecture) and arrived at the following:
1) In the last days of 19th century, coastal fisheries by sailing vessels were becoming more prosperous due to the growth of internal markets and the opening to traffic of the Sanin-line in 1900 developed this tendency. Dragnet fishery by sailing vessel was of the chief fisheries in Tajima, but its fishing grounds extended only a few miles away from the coast. The use of motorboats which dates from 1912 in Tajima, led to the prosperity of the off-shore fisheries and the ammount of fishing products increased so highly that after some years sailing vanished in dragnet fashery.
2) Replacing “Kisen-sokobiki”was established about 1917 when a winch was first used in dragging up a net. It still achieved a remarkably development, inspite of severe restructions of law against its great pressure on coastal fishery. Fishing grounds were expanded to all the continental shelves of the southern parts of Japan Sea, and at last to the southernmost offing of Gory Sikhote Alin.
3) In Tajima, Kasumi has developed into a central port of “Kisen-sokobiki” with a great many fishing boats and other fishing instruments. It's development owes to the facilities of communications with such metropolitan cities as Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto. In the early days, Shibayama was a central port with the advantage of a natural port, but it was replaced by the artificial Kasumi-port because of lack of communication facilities.
4) Original fishermen have gradually lessened, though not entirely, and not a few fishermen are still engaged in original coastal fishery. Even lalorers who belong to a higher claas of “Kisen-sokobiki” are not always in employment all the year round. Petty coastal fishery can barely support fishermen's life, and serve for off-shore fishery which are in a crisis with the loss of productive fishing grounds by the defeat, besides under the pressure of pelagic fishery.

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This report is analysed on migration of population in Japan, which is an important problem of the population geography. The Summaries are as follows. (1) Migration of population had increased since Meiji era, and is influenced by the war. There was two movements-one for colonization, the other for centralization to urban area. Now the latter migration is more important. (2) Owing to explain the regional differentiations of migration, in-migration region, small out-migration region and out-migration region are set up according to in-migration ratio, out-migration ratio and net migration ratio. (Fig. 1, 2, 3 and Table) Types of seasonal mobility of migration and migrtion types according to net migration and natural increase are concerned with these migrationregions. (Fig. 6) (3) Migraton ratio forms a concentric circles with the main in-migation region as a center. (Fig 4, 5) (4) Migration in a prefecture is frequent in in-migration region, which is urbanized. In-migration (or out-migration) ratio and migration ratio in a prefecture are total in-migration (or out-migration) ratio. Then these ratios explain migration regions more closely. (5) Migrated population according to population which is classified to birth place shows another integrated result.

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