At its extention to the North-eastern part of Japan, the Japanese Ancient State came into contact with the power of Ezo (a tribe in the ancient history of Japan). The auther would like to call the region, where both powers met with, as the transitional zone of the Ritsuryô State or the State ruled by the Code. The purpose of this treatise is to analyse the regional structure at the transitional zone, related to the Shinto shrine and the settlement.
Before the Ritsuryô State started to wield its authority to promote reclamation, the Yaoi culture, which was based on paddy farming in Western Japan, had already penetrated into the northern part of North-eastern Japan; the Kofun (the ancient tomb) culture, which originally had its central domain in Kinai provinces (Yamato, Yamashiro, Kawachi and Izumi), had propagated to the Sendai plain.
In examing the Kofun cultural sphere in the Sendai plain, it turned out that Takatsuka Kofun (the great tomb of ancient mould) culture had attained to the basins of the River Naruse and the River Eai. Its succeeding Gunshufun (ancient gathered tomb) culture had been at a standstill in the lower reaches of the River Abukuma. But the Yokoana-kofun (the tunnel tomb of ancient mould) culture had advanced to the basin of the River Hazama, which runs through the northern fringe of the Sempoku zone (northern half part of the Sendai plain). Some Yokoana-Kofun culture were still for a while to be seen in this zone even in the Nara Era.
The author has an intention to analyse the regional structure of the Sendai plain which located in the transitional zone of the Rtisuryô State, in following after the integrating process of the Ezo district into its organization. At the same time he would like to grasp the shifting aspects of regional structure at the Sendai plain from the Pre-Nara Era to the Nara Era at the angle of the authoritative penetration from the Ancient State's side.
Geographical feature of the Sempoku plain is its alternative range of hill and plain. At the plain there were found a lot of low and damp spots which infiltrated from the coast to the innermost of the land. At the places where are above more than 10m. of contour line, their abrupt and sharp inclination often brought deluge to the low land at rainfalls. Thus there were supposed to be confirmed flood areas. Promotion of developing policy of the Ancient State had been greatly affected by this natural condition.
In consideration of village organization, now, it is to be pointed out that administrative villages, which were incorporated in the provincial system of the Ritsuryô State, were far more fully established in the Sen'nan zone (southern part of Sendai plain) than in the Sempoku zone.
In ancient times a Shinto shrine was usually built at each village, so it is natural to suppose that there should had been more Shinto shrines in the Sen'nan zone than in the Sempoku zone. On the contrary, in fact there were more of Shikinai shrines in the Sempoku zone than in the sen'nan zone, in taking note of the village organization ratio. To confirm the Shinto shrines of ancient times, it seems there is no other way but studying of the Shikinai Shinto shrines: i.e. the legalized ones in the Ancient Japanese Law “Engishiki”. They had been usually set up around the forts at the frontiers or along the relaying route linking them with each other.
Most of Shikinai Shinto shrines were ordinarily located at the position above more than 10m. contour line, facing down the low lying land or low marshy ground. Broad spread of Grey soil were to be found at such low plains.

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This treatise is to clarify the productive location of the basic industries at the bottom of the machinery industry in Japan, and secondarily to analyse its regional structure as well as function in the Keihin area, the largest manfacturing part in Japan.
Almost 80 percent of the total output of Japanese machinery industry are turned out from the three large industrial areas: Keihin (Tokyô, Kanagawa and Saitama), Hanshin (Osaka, Hyôgo) and Chûkyô (Aichi). The Keihin area is the largest manufacturing center among them at nearly every sections of machinery industries, such as automobile, electric industry, cameras, machine tools and so on. It holds a leading position among them.
In taking up a form of the ‘subcontractural industry’ in the machinery producing system, there are various manufacturing groups such as casting, gilting, pressing, dycasting etc. The author here defines each group, which locate at the base of machinery industry, as the ‘bottom industry’. Most of them spread in the same distributive pattern to the almost other machinery industries at the three large industrial area, first of all, at the Keihin area.
Most of the bottom industries, except the casting industry, gathered themselves there in southern part of Tôkyô (Ohta, Shinagawa). They have been gradually thronged about there as subconstractors to the all machinery industries and at the same time grew up a tightly functioned complex with each other.
The machinery in the Keihin area, well known for its superior quality and manifold productivity, is maintained by dint of accumulated techniques of the bottom industries which converge at the southern part of Tôkyô.

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This study is to reconsider the results of the geographical investigation of the industrializing process in India, and at the same time to show its explanatory model (provisionary) of the North-Western India.
Industrializing process, here used, comprises not only the development of the manufacturing industry, but also the modernizing transition in social and regional systems at a certain spot. Geographical study on the industrializing process in India, in such meaning, is just at its first stage.
The diagram inserted here sets to explain a scheme of the industrializing process in the North-Western India, centering on the Panjab area. However, the ultimate aim of this series of studies is to build up a model of its pattern in India.
A field work is scheduled to carry out in India from October 1972 to January 1973, as some section of the cooperative work under the leadership of Professor H. Ishida. In testing the aforesaid diagram, principal aspects to be surveyed in order to get desirable achievements are following:
I) Urban Area Survey
1) How recent development of manufacturing industry in urban areas affected the development and morphological change of cities and towns?
2) What are the leading social group at the development of industrial capital in the urban area? Their peculiarity, and system of investment in the manufacturing industry?
II) Rural Area Survey
1) What kind of industry and where accepted the surplus labor power which had to be flown out at Panjab ‘green revolution’?
2) What sorts of products manufactured by the urban industry are contributing to the agricultural progress?
3) What changes are to be forseen in the rural life where the income increasing had been bringing about from the recent development of agricultural production?

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