In 1975 and 1976, the problem concerning the surrounding areas of the CBD was taken up as a theme by the Association of Japanese Geographers. These symposiums gave us substantial results but left certain problems.
In order to solve these problems, this paper aims to clarify urban land use changes of the surrounding areas of the CBD in a large Japanese city. Furthermore, inner city problems which are noticeable in European and American cities should be investigated in Japanese cities.
Fukuoka City is selected as the study area, because functional differentiation is developed as a result of rapid urban growth and the urban core area and its surrounding area are easily identified.
In this paper, the author analyzes spatial patterns of land use using the grid square data of land uses (published by the Fukuoka Municipal Office) and examines the relation between these patterns and the movement of enterprises and population. He also investigated land use changes in the surrounding areas of the CBD by an intensive field survey. After examining factors which caused these land use changes, he considered the expansion process of the urban core. The results are summarized as follows:
1) Spatial patterns of urban land uses in Fukuoka City reveal an obvious areal differentiation. In general, land uses are arranged from the core to the periphery as follows: Around the central business district, mixed land-use districts of residences and industries are located in the northern and eastern parts, while those of residences and commercial facilities are located in the southern and western parts. In the periphery of the study area, residences are dominant in western and southern parts, and the industrial district lies in the eastern part and along the coast.
2) In the mixed district of residences and industries around the CBD, population density reaches a high degree but there can been seen a fall in population itself. The number of enterprises has neither increased nor decreased, apparently. On the other hand, in the mixed district of residences and commercial facilities, the population is not decreasing seriously and this district is experiencing a decline of manufacturing activities, but a growth of service and retail trade industries.
3) Land use changes in the areas surrounding the CBD are classified into three types: 1. the districts where land use is more intensified and urban core functions are concentrated. 2. the districts where transitional land uses such as parking lots or vacant land are dominant. 3. the districts which have mixed land uses of residential and commercial functions or of residential and industrial functions.
4) These land use changes are caused by several factors such as functions of the hinterland, areal movement of the urban core, the direction of urban growth (development of transportation, infrastructure, etc.) and city planning.
5) The urban core area in Fukuoka City is expanding to the southwest. However, this horizontal growth has its limit, because accessibility to the urban core is declining. Vertical growth is becoming distinctive.

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Japanese rural areas have experienced deep socio-economic changes since the high level of economic growth period. For instance, Rurban Villages (Konjuuka-shakai), a new type of community which is composed of farm and non-farm households, have been appearing in the metropolitan area, while the remote rural areas have been suffering from serious depopulation. In Europe, Lewis and Maund (1976) proposed a schematic representation which is founded upon the gradient principle to describe these spatial variations.
This paper examines the adaptability of the gradient principle and attempts to clarify the spatial classification of the rural settlements in the Hiroshima Metropolitan area both in 1970 and 1980 in order to present a schema which explains the spatial changes of Japanese rural areas.
The results obtained in this paper are as follows:
The gradient principle is demonstrated concerning farm land, rural population, rural labor force, agricultural managements and regional society. The rural settlements are classified by 3 socio-economic variables: the ratio of farm households, that of regular part-time farm households, and agricultural income. In classifying the rural settlements, the division values of the variables are estimated as x+0.5σ and x-0.5σ (x: mean, σ: standard devitation) of each variable. The rural settlements are divided into 3 parts in each variable so that 3³=27 types are obtained, but only those types which account for more than 5 percent of all rural settlements are analyzed in this paper.
The distribution of rural settlement types is schematized as shown Fig. 10 based on the distance from Hiroshima City.
The area is divided into the following 4 regions:
The Suburbs (I) is the typical Rurban Village which is composed of both farm and non-farm households. Most of the rural settlements have kept agriculture only for a self-sufficiency, while a few have maintained intensive agriculture though the built-up area has been expanded. In Sector (II), commercial agriculture has developed and the agricultural income has formed an important part of household economy. Sector (III) has been suffering from serious depopulation because both agriculture and transportation for commuting are in bad condition. In Sector (IV), seasonal/casual manual labour has been dominant so that the population has depended slightly on agriculture income. In every sector, the rural settlements along the main transport routes depend a little on agriculture and the ratio of regular part-time farm households is high because of the convenience of transportation.
In the period between 1970 and 1980, it is evident that the mixture of farm and nonfarm households and the ratio of regular part-time farm households have been increasing. This phenomena has spread outwards from Hisroshima City via the main transport routes.
The schema in this paper indicates that the regional division of the rural area is explained by not merely the gradient principle, but also the differentiation principle.

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The results are summarized as follows:
Nisihara, the western part of the Nasunohara upland in Tochigi Prefecture, is situated in the northeast part of the Kanto Plain. Nisihara, located in the center of the Nasu alluvial fan is composed of acid and volcanic ashes which are less productive. The farmers had used the lands as upland farming fields before 1960. The farmers needed to add to the soil a lot of organic fertilizers so as to keep them productive. Consequently the farmers took good care of the plain forests with the aim of collecting fallen leaves in winter and making them into manure. As well as fallen leaves, the plain forests have supplied the farmers with materials such as wood for fuel.
Since the 1960s, the reclamation of the paddy fields has been in progress, and the way of farming has changed into the production of rice crops in paddy fields. Growing rice in the paddy fields, compared with the upland fields, depends less upon organic fertilizer. Consequently, the farmers stopped gathering fallen leaves, wood for fuel and other subsistence goods from the plain forests owing to the change of their way of life under the influence of the commercialized economy.
The unused forests in the old village of Niwatoko have been sold to real estate agents or have been bought as the sites for public institutions. The remaining forests at Niwatoko are left uncared for and unused.
The vast plain forests of broad-leaved trees in the Senbonmatsu area, which were bought by the enterprise Senbonmatsu Farm after World War II, were replaced by pine forests to create economic forestry.

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