The many kinds of methods to find out the pathogens from infection complicated to respiratory diseases have been devised and utilized.
It is clinically easy and better to utilize the sputum as the material which examine the pathogens of these respiratory infections, since the sputum could be obtainable in anytime and anywhere without special instruments or techniques. However, the sputum include the many kinds of bacterias presented in the oral cavity or pharynx, usually called “normal flora”, then we must try to excluse or decrease these normal flora and find out the true pathogens which originate from the respiratory infectious lesions. By the way, we have been used the many method which directly collect the material from the local of the respiratory infection with some instruments. Those are mainly Lees & Mc Naught's method by mean of the bronchscope, Pecora's method which is the transtracheal aspiration and the transtrachial lung puncture.
According my results, it would be emphasized that the bacteriological examination of the respiratory infection should be performed by next order.
(1) It is important to gargle the throat with water five times or more before collect the sputum because that makes to fairly decrease the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract.
(2) The material mixed with saliva and the sputum containing only mucos or pavement cell are not suitable for the bacteriological examination, as normal flora in the upper respiratory tract usually are in it.
(3) We could be found the pathogens caused the infection of the lung, when the sputum carefully separated to a part of pus and to a part of mucos and the flora in each parts are compared on culture, even without washing.
(4) To collect the material directly from the local of respiratory infection, the material collected from the part of trachea by transdermal puncture are more practistical than collected through the mouth, because the contamination by normal flora might be less in the former.

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In 1962 Chinard and Enns suggested that as an application of the Stewart and Hamilton's theory, pulmonary extravascular water volume was able to measure by two indicator dilution curves: One is that of ³H-water which can be diffusible through the pulmonary capillary and the other is that of ¹³¹I-albumin which is non-diffusible.
Although several investigators calculated the pulmonary extravascular water volume from two indicator diluton curves as F_alb⋅Δtm there is one more possibility of calculation: F_THO⋅t_THO⋅F_alb⋅t_alb. (F_alb.: pulmonary flow calculated from ¹³¹I-alb. dilution curve. F_THO: pulmonary flow from THO dilution curve. t_alb: ¹³¹I-alb. mean transit time. t_THO: THO transit time.)
Using 73 mongrel dogs on several conditions (see Tab. 1) this report was objected to investigate which calculation method was more proper from the stand- point of reproducibility and of relationship between isotope dilution value and gravimetric (postmortem) value (Pearce).
1) The rsults of five times measurements on one dog: F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb.⋅t_alb.averaged 4.5ml/kg, % maximal deviation of it was 20.5%, % average deviation 9.6% and cofficient of variation 12.7%, while F_alb.⋅Δ_tm average 3.7ml/kg, % maximal devation 60.9%, % average deviation 29.1% and coefficient of variation 30.8%.
2) The results of duplicate measurements on 9 dogs: F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb.⋅t_alb. averaged 4.5ml/kg, % maximal deviation of it was 25.7%, % average devaition 7.6 %, and coefficient of variation 24.7%, while F_alb.⋅Δ_tm averaged 3.8ml/kg, % maximal deviation 55.4%, % average deviation 19.1% and coefficient of variation 28.9%.
These data shown that reproducibility was better in F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb⋅t_alb than in F_alb.⋅Δ_tm
3) Comparison between gravimetric (postmortem) extravascular water volume and isotope dilution value: F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb.⋅t_alb. value against postmortem value was 0.85±0.16 (r=0.77, p<0.01, y=0.92+0.77) in group III. It was 0.94±0.08 (r=0.844, p<0.01, y=0.97+0.52) in group IV, 0.92±0.06 (r=0.885, 0.01<p<0.05, y=0.73+1.79) in group V, and 0.84 ±0.04 (r=0.849, 0.01<p<0.05, y=1.26-0.58) in group VI.
F_alb.⋅Δ_tm against postmortem value was 0.66±0.23 (r=0.402, p>0.05) in group III, 0.71±0.13 (r=0.694, 0.01<p<0.05) in group IV, 0.64±0.20 (r=0.543, p>0.05) in group V, and 0.57±0.17 (r=0.412, p>0.05) in group VI.
These data shown that the pulmonary extravascular water volume calculated as F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb.⋅t_alb. had better correlation with post mortem value than that calculated as F_alb⋅Δ_tm
These all data suggested that F_THO⋅t_THO-F_alb⋅talb was more proper than F_alb⋅Δ_tm in calculating pulmonary extravascular water volume by double indicator dilution method.

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In the course of experimental production of the pulmonary infarct, observations were made upon variation of the coagulo-fibrinolytic activity in the blood and the lung tissue.
1) Over-coagulative state in the blood provoked by injection of the human serum disappears usually within 2 minutes, and then, in the contrary, a state of prolongation in clotting produced by consumption of the coagulation factors appears thereafter.
2) In this stage, tissue activator and anti-thrombin effect in the lung show an increase in comparison with that in the normal lungs.
3) Injection of lycopodium spores produce a gradual change in blood coagulability and tissue fibrinolytic activity, showing manifest hypercoagulable and lowered fibrinolytic activity 2 days later.
4) In additon to the hypercoauglable state, paroxysmal occurrence of thrombembolism and consequent depressive state in the fibrinolytic activity give rise pulmonary infarct.
5) The optimum method for experimental production of lung infarct is to inject blood clots, t-AMC-HA, and human serum injection for consequtive four days.
6) Three factors, closure of the pulmonary arterial trees by large thrombus, presence of sustained hypercoagulable state, and depression in the fibrinolytic activity, appears sine qua non for occurrence of the pulmonary infarct. Repeated microembolization, inflammatory change in the tissue, and alveolar bleeding are considered to be additional promotive factors.

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