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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
Cover16-
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
Cover17-
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Index
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
Toc6-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
i-ii
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
1-6
Published: November 01, 1981
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HIROYUKI HANADA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
722-728
Published: November 01, 1981
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Seven low-pass digital filters which were synthesized previously by the author are applied to 64×64 matrix images of a IAEA liver phantom, which is filled with 9.25×10^7Bq (2.5mCi) ^<99m>Tc aqueous solution, from a scintillation camera. Three matrix images are made an object of investigation and total counts of them are 30k counts, 100k counts and 600k counts respectively. First, low-pass digital filterings by convolution are performed to the matrix images and the processed images are observed about image quality. When the filter with the smallest cutoff frequency, which was called Filter A, was used, the fact was shown that almost all the informations in the processed images for three kinds of count data disappeared. Finally, subtractions between the processed image by Filter A and the processed image by another filter are performed for each count data. The consequences of these processings are as follows : (1) The low-pass filtering is effective in improvement of image quality for 30k count image and 100k count image. However, this method does no good in 600k count image. (2) The subtraction results in a success about image restoration with the supression of noise and the reduction of blur, and this method is superior in improvement of image quality to the low-pass filtering. On the other hand the processing conditions for image restoration depend on the count level of the image.
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KESATO YANO, KIYOSHI MARUYAMA, MASAOMI TAKIZAWA, KATSUTO TAKEMURA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
729-737
Published: November 01, 1981
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Fundamental study for radiation treatment planning using the electron density deduced from the CT number was described. In order to deduce the electron density of CT-5005 (EMI) wholebody image from the CT number, the following expressions were used : Es=(0.00339×CT number+3.39)×10^<23> for soft tissue such as lung, fat and muscle. Eh=(0.00120×CT number+3.34)×10^<23> for hard tissue such as bone. Dose calculation of the central axis depth dose was performed in a one field irradiation. For the correction of tissue inhomogeneity such as lung and bone, the pixel by pixel method was used. In this study, the following points were concluded. (1) The maximum difference between the electron density deduced from the CT number and the electron density produced from the technique of dual energy scanning or the theoretical method was within 2.3%. (2) In order to reduce the relative percent error of the central axis depth dose less than 2% at 10MV x-rays, the permitted limit of electron density error was 10% for the average electron density of the lung. But, if the relative percent error is permitted within 2%, the correction of tissue inhomogeneity was not necessary for the abdomen and the waist. (3) In order to reduce the relative percent error of the central axis depth less than 2% at 10MV x-rays, it was possible to deduce the original matrix size (256×320) into 64×80 matrix.
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YOSHIHARU HIGASHIDA, MASANORI MATSUMOTO, HIDETERU YOSHIDA, SEISHI DODA ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
738-746
Published: November 01, 1981
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Entropy analysis to psychological evaluation for tomographic images is applied. An optic canal and an internal ear tomogram are taken by hypocycloidal, elliptical, spiral and circular blurring movements. Fifteen tomograms are taken for each tomographic blurring movement of the two different parts, so a total of 60 sheets of tomograms are taken. All optic canal tomograms are evaluated by two groups composed of five ophthalmologists and five radiologic technologists, and internal ear tomograms are evaluated by five otolaryngologists and five radiologic technologists. Each observer participated in this experiment twice, so the total number of tomograms are 120 sheets per ovserver. The subjects were directed to classify 120 tomograms by using a three-category rating scale. Characteristics of each ovserver and each group can be shown quantitatively by caluculated information values.
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AKIYOSHI OHTSUKA, HIROMOTO UTSUMI, SATORU YAMANE, TAKASHI YOKOYAMA, TA ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
747-754
Published: November 01, 1981
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Uncertainty analysis by entropy is applied to a method of psychological evaluation in radiographic images and to an examination of visual evaluation of sharpness in radiograms. Subjects are composed of three groups of seven radiologic technologists, seven neurosurgeons and eight radiologists. By using a three-category rating scale, each observer is directed to classify 160 skull radiograms randomly presented. Each radiogram is taken by four kinds of focal spot sizes. Characteristics of each observer and each group can be shown quantitatively by calculated information values. In an evaluation of radiographic images, radiologic technologists attach importance to physical characteristics of radiograms, but doctors do not do so. They attach importance to morphological and morbid variations of objects. Consequently, radiologic technologists have a close correlation between physical evaluation and a psychological one of radiograms, and doctors have only a little correlation.
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TAKASHI KIKUCHI, KAORU ARAI, TSUNEO UCHIYAMA, GIICHIRO NAKAYA, TATSUO ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
755-759
Published: November 01, 1981
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The lens of the eye is one of the radiosensitive critical organs. We must set up the radiation treatment planning to protect it as little as posible in the reduction of the dosage of the eye, not only benigh tumor but also malignant tumor. In our study, We have evaluated the technique of the radiation in the shallow lesion tumor arround the lens, such as conjunctival tumor. We can reduce the dosage of the lens and cornea 100% to less than 10% using with 2mm lead shield in thick in the treatment 6MeV electron beam. We found this technique is very usefull and effective in clinical radiation treatment planning.
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HIDEKI KATOH, TAMOTSU KAWAI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
760-765
Published: November 01, 1981
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The correction factor for the hollow out irradiation technique is usually calculated as a magnitude of dose reduction at the center of rotation with respect to primary radiation. This correction factor, which had taken account of scattered radiation, was calculated from the ratio of two average TARs with and without the hollow out absorber, and its scattered radiation component was distinguished from its primary radiation component to be analyzed. The magnitude of dose reduction rate with respect to the scattered radiation component was much the same to that with respect to the primary radiation component. Consequntly, the correction factor, which had taken account of scattered radiation, showed good agreement with the correction factor with respect to primary radiation only.
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HISAO YAMADA, MIKINDO SASAKI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
766-772
Published: November 01, 1981
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An analysis was made of the geometric relation between stero-radiographing system and its observation one which has an effect on the imaging in the diagnostic stereography. (1) In stereography with magnified X-rays in which the magnification ratio of images on X and Y axis is different from the one on Z axis a kind of image distortion is inevitable. (2) Stereographing system under a certain appropriate condition can produce an image with equal magnification ratio of one on X, Y and also Z giving life-size without distortion. (3) As discribed above, a magnified stereographic image accompanies a distortion. However, a magnified stereographic image will be perceived if the image on the retina is enlarged, which can be obtained by shortening the visual distance thus widening the visual angle.
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TAMOTSU OCHI, FUMIO UENOYAMA, AKIKO SHIRAI, SHIGEKI UYAMA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
773-779
Published: November 01, 1981
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The content rate of scattered radiation is affected by tube voltage, object thickness, size of radiation field and with or without grid. We tried to formalize the relationship between the content rate and them. As changed the tube voltage, object thickness, radiation field and grid ratio, radiography varies in its film density, then we calculated the content rate of scattered radiation, and led two approximate equations by the method of multiple regression analysis. One of the equations was computed by using real value X of explaining variables, another by using root value √<X> except the explaining variable of tube voltage. As a result, the latter had better accuracy. Appling this approximate equation, when each explaining variable is within the boundary area, error is not over 10 percent, almost errors within 5 percent.
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TADAKO KOHSAKA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
780-785
Published: November 01, 1981
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Measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of prostatic cancer. Fundamental studies of measurement of PAP concentration by radioimmunoassay were performed and values determined by three commercially available kits were compared, those are, PAP EIKEN RIA Kit (E kit), RIA Quant P.A.P. (M kit) and GammaDab PAP RIA Kit (C kit). Upper limits of normal PAP concentration were 3 ng/ml by E and M kits and 2 ng/ml by C kits, respectively. The reproducibility and the recovery studies of three kits were satisfactory. However, dilution curve of some patients was not strait. PAP concentration of 27 patients measured by three kits were correlated well to each other, but the discrepancy of values was noticed in high PAP concentrations. PAP concentration measured by RIA is more reliable than that by enzyme immunoassay. When keeping serum samples, the effect of time, temperature and frreze and thawing on PAP values was obvious. It is recomended that serum is separated at 4℃ as soon as possible after collecting blood and kept frozen until use.
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SHOJIRO YAMAGUCHI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
786-790
Published: November 01, 1981
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Medical X-ray equipment brings about radiological, electrical and mechanical dangers to the patient and the operator. In order to produce the equipment free from danger, technical consideration especially from the standpoint of human engineering and safety engineering is necessary. Fundamental methods used in the design of medical X-ray equipment and several concrete examples of these methods are introduced in this paper.
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YOSHIO IKEDA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
791-794
Published: November 01, 1981
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Improvements were intended with a radiographic system for mass stomach screening by incorporating in its design the human-engineering concept for better safety, operability, effectiveness and serviceability particularly with the patient table which requires frequent contacts with the human beings such as examinees and operators.
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TAKESHI IMAI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
795-799
Published: November 01, 1981
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Several important points of the designing based on human engineering are described which are applied to improve information flow between an operator and a patient through an appliance in the case of a remotecontrolled diagnostic X-ray system which is the most widely used one in Japan. First, the importance of the systematic layout is presented. Next, several applications for the diagnostic table are explained such as foolproof provisions, soft-start and soft-stop movements of tabletop tilting, and reducing method of noise and vibration for getting rid of tension from the patient. Then, adequate style designing of control desk and efficient configuration of control devices on it are presented.
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SADAYOSHI MORI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
800-807
Published: November 01, 1981
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In World War II, a new branch of learning human engineering was appeared in the U.S.A. mainly. The purpose of this learning is to heighten the efficiency of man-machine system and it is also desirable to be given the X-ray control desk, a thoughtful consideration. For this reason, radiological technologist should learn the outline of human engineering and comprehend the relation between human engineering and design of control desk. In this respect I introduced the dimension of control desk, design of controller and indicator in relation with human body dimension of radiological technologist. First, in the design of apparatus, it is reasonable to adopt the cumulative distribution in stead of mean values of human body dimension because the mean values would be cause of inadequacy to the majority of operator. Second, I reported about the fundamental items e.g. the display of controller and indicator recommended from the point of view of human engineering. Up to now the radiological technologists were intended to take a serious view of performance of X-ray apparatus only, but hereafter, we think, it is also important to induce the thought of human engineering in the design of X-ray apparatus.
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SHOZO NAKANISHI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
808-813
Published: November 01, 1981
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In case of planning any medical X-ray system, we must consider the factors like capability, operation and safety. The safety and operation arise from human character. Therefore human engineering must be investigated and the harmony between the machine and the operater should be maintained, property and sufficiently.
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HIDEO TOHMA
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
814-824
Published: November 01, 1981
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There have been remarkable progress in the area of X-ray diagnosis technology in recent years. However, there have been some cases of accident. Such accidents included those due to defective apparatus such as defects in apparatus and poor safety system, those caused by incorrect handling of appratus by radiologic technologist, and those originating in a poor surrounding condition or bad management of apparatus. In this report investgated into following subjects. 1. Analysis of radiographic error. 2. Analysis of failure in medical X-ray systems.
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HARUKI UENO
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
825-830
Published: November 01, 1981
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The concept of applying Human Engineering to the safety design of medical appatatuses and systems is discussed. It has been required to apply the safety engineering to medicine in order to meet the requirements from sophisticated man-machine systematizations in a hospital. The basic elements of the systems engineering in terms of safety design include 1) to treat the objects as a total system, 2) to apply the most appropriate measures with limited resources. From this point of view it is useful to consider the system's lifecycle, i.e., planning-designing-producing-installing-managing-replacing cycle. The most appropriate safety measures have to be applied to each stage of the cycle. Human Engineering based measures such as appropriate man-machine interface design are the key points to achieve the concept.
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
831-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
831-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
832-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
832-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
832-833
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
833-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
833-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
833-834
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
834-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
834-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
834-835
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
835-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
835-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
835-
Published: November 01, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
836-849
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
850-851
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
852-861
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
862-863
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
864-
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Article type: Index
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
865-866
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Index
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
867-869
Published: November 01, 1981
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
870-
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
871-
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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 37 Issue 6 Pages
Cover18-
Published: November 01, 1981
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