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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
IV-VI
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
VII-VIII
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
XI-XII
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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KAZUO AWAI, [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1619-
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YUMI KIMURA, [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1620-1629
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RYUJI KAWABE
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1630-1631
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1631-1634
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1635-1636
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1636-1637
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1638-1640
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1640-1642
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1642-1643
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1643-
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JUN HATAZAWA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1644-1650
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YOSHIMICHI KITAGAWA, [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1651-1661
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HIROKO NISHIDE
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1662-1663
Published: December 20, 2004
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Microcalcifications are one of the important sign for early detection of breast cancer by use of mammography, and has resulted in the detection of nonpalpable cancer. However, it is difficult to distinguish between benign and malignant microcalcifications, thus causing high falsepositive rate. Micro-focus CT employs a x-ray tube of a focal spot size less than 10 microns, and has high spatial resolution, thus resulting in more accurate visualization of structures of microcalcifications. We investigated the relationship between micro-focus CT images of breast specimens with microcalcifications, mammographic features and pathologic characteristics. Micro-focus CT imaging was comparable to pathologic images in terms of resolution and contrast. Microcalcifications were more clearly detected in micro-focus CT imaging than specimen radiographs. Three-dimensional imaging on microcalcifications provided a tool for studying the shape and distribution of calcifications. Micro-focus CT for breast imaging was very useful for understanding of structures and patterns of microcalcifications without cutting the specimen.
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NORIAKI AKAGI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1664-1665
Published: December 20, 2004
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MASAYOSHI NIWA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1666-1667
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KENJI FUJII
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1668-1669
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YOUSUKE KOGURE
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1670-1671
Published: December 20, 2004
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TOSHIO HAYAKAWA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1672-1673
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YASUKI ASADA, SHOICHI SUZUKI, MASAHIRO YAMADA, KUMI SAKURAI, HIROMI SU ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1675-1681
Published: December 20, 2004
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Software for the estimation of patient exposure from mammography has been developed. Because it adopts average glandular dose, the estimation of patient exposure must take advantage of D_<gN> (average glandular dose per unit entrance skin exposure). D_<gN> depends on X-ray quality, compressed breast thickness, and breast composition. The software that was previously reported required information about breast composition. However, the new software that estimates breast composition uses a phantom with known breast composition to estimate average glandular dose and entrance surface dose. The authors were able to calculate average glandular dose that takes account of breast composition using this software. In addition, in a comparison with the mammogram in terms of the classification of mammary gland substance, the software showed high precision in terms of agreement. This software has sufficient utility because only the mammographic conditions are entered, and patient exposure can be easily estimated. Moreover, the half-value layer, incident exposure in air, D_<gN>, and breast composition can be specifically calculated.
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SHINICHI INOUE, MITSUHIRO MATSUMOTO, RIE MATSUZAWA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1682-1687
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To determine the effective lead thickness of the apron for radiation protective clothing, i.e., the le; equivalent, a method of performing the lead equivalent examination is provided in the Japanese Industri Standards (JIS). We proposed a method of computation using an attenuation coefficient, and examined tl measurement accuracy and optimal radiation quality using both methods. We were able to compute the lei equivalent with sufficient accuracy when using radiation quality of about 60 keV in the range of radiath quality examined. This technique was also examined in the measurement used for the marketing of radi tion protective clothing.
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TADASHI SASAKI, TAKAO HANARI, MAKOTO SASAKI, HIROFUMI OIKAWA, HIROSHI ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1688-1693
Published: December 20, 2004
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CT perfusion study requires repeatedly scanning the same part of the patient's head, resulting in an increase of local radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the ultra-low-dose technique with a quantum de-noising filter. The newly developed quantum de-noising filter selectively reduced noise by two-thirds, while maintaining spatial resolution. The low-dose protocol using the quantum de-noising filter and slow rotation speed accomplished a 68% reduction in the local radiation dose compared with the previous standard protocol. The quantum de-noising filter is considered to be useful to reduce radiation exposure and to improve image quality in CT perfusion study.
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KUNIMITSU ONOBORI, KAZUO AWAI, TAKAO TSURUTA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1694-1703
Published: December 20, 2004
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Scattered radiation was measured following the application of a ceiling pendent-type lead acrylic protective board (protective board) for use in IVR, and the dose-reduction rate was obtained. As a result of the interaction between the protective board and the scattered radiation, the dose reduction rate in the space between the protective board and floor surface became negative, resulting in an increase in scattered radiation. It was demonstrated that the increase in scattered radiation could be prevented by installing an added filter. This report presents a method to evaluate the effect of a protective board on scattered radiation by converting its property to that of a material with a similar effective density, and explains the experimental results. This report also shows that a conventional method, which calculates scattered radiation on the basis of lead equivalent, carries the risk of underestimating the effect on scattered radiation. The necessity of training operators based on the above findings is also emphasized.
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MASATOSHI HASHIMOTO, HIDEYUKI KATO, TOSHIOU FUJIBUCHI, SHIGEHIRO OCHI, ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1704-1712
Published: December 20, 2004
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Depending on the facility, a radiation protective apron (protector) is used to protect the gonad from radiation exposure in chest radiography. To determine the necessity of using a protector during chest radiography, we measured the effect of the protector on the gonad in this study. First, using a human body phantom, we measured the absorbed dose of the female gonad with and without the protector, using a thermolu-minescence dosimeter (TLD), and confirmed its protective effect. Using the protector, the absorbed dose was reduced to 28±2% and 39±4% for field sizes of 14×17 inch and 14x14 inch, respectively. Next, we used Monte Carlo simulation and confirmed, not only the validity of the actual measurement values, but also the fact that the influence of radiation on the absorbed dose of the gonad was mostly from scattered radiation from inside the body for the 14×17 inch field size, and also from the X-ray tube for the 14x14 inch field size. Although a certain protective effect is achieved by using the protector, the radiation dose to the gonad is only a few μGy even without a protector. Thus, the risk of a genetic effect would be as small as 10^<-8>. Given that acceptable risk is below 10^<-6), we conclude the use of a radiation protective apron is not necessary for diagnostic chest radiography.
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HIROJI IIDA, JUNSEI HORII, MITSUHIRO CHABATAKE, TAKASHI MIZUSHIMA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1713-1722
Published: December 20, 2004
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A study was performed to evaluate operator dose during diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures (iVR)and to establish methods of operator dose reduction with a radiation protective device. Operator dose was measured by glass dosimeters worn on the neck and on the abdomen outside the lead apron. In addition, the dose of the primary beam at the collimator surface was measured, which made it possible to define the correlation between the entrance air kerma, measured with Skin Dose Monitor, and operator dose exposed during the monitored procedure. IVR protectors were developed to decrease the amount of scatter radiation received by operators performing the procedures, and their effects were evaluated in abdominal and cardiac angiography procedures. The average effective dose and doses of the neck and abdomen outside the lead apron, estimated for individual procedures, were as follows: abdominal angiography procedures: effective dose, 0.07 mSv; neck area, 0.18 mSv; abdominal area, 0.51 mSv; cardiac angiography procedures: effective dose, 0.07 mSv; neck area, 0.13 mSv; abdominal area, 0.68 mSv. Operator doses were well correlated with exposure dose in abdominal angiography procedures (diagnostic procedure r=0.84, IVR r=0.77). It was found that 68.0% of the effective dose in abdominal angiography procedures and 43.0% of the effective dose in cardiac angiography procedures could be reduced by the use of IVR protectors. Operator and patient doses in interventional radiology were interdependent. The minimization of operator doses is particularly important during interventional radiology, and it is necessary to be aware of practical radiation protection procedures. Measures that reduce patient dose will also reduce occupational exposure. Moreover, operator dose could be substantially reduced by the use of IVR protectors in addition to wearing a protective lead apron during IVR. It was suggested that IVR protectors are effective radiation protective devices in interventional radiology procedures.
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ATSUSHI FUKUDA, KICHIRO KOSHIDA, ICHIRO YAMAGUCHI, MASAAKI TAKAHASHI, ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1723-1729
Published: December 20, 2004
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Various pharmaceutical companies in Japan are making radioactive drugs available for positron emission tomography (PET) in hospitals without a cyclotron. With the distribution of these drugs to hospitals, medical check-ups and examinations using PET are expected to increase. However, the safety guidelines for radiation in the new deployment of PET have not been adequately improved. Therefore, we measured the shielding effect of a clinical X-ray protector and lead glass against annihilation radiation and gamma rays of ^<99m>Tc. We then calculated the shielding effect of a 0.25 mm lead protector, 1 mm lead, and lead glass using the EGS4 (Electron Gamma Shower Version 4) code. The shielding effects of 22-mm lead glass against annihilation radiation and gamma rays of ^<99m>Tc were approximately 31.5% and 93.3%, respectively. The clinical X-ray protector against annihilation radiation approximately doubled the skin-absorbed dose.
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TOSHIOU FUJIBUCHI, HIDEYUKI KATO, MASATOSHI HASHIMOTO, SHIGEHIRO OCHI, ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1730-1738
Published: December 20, 2004
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Because the exposure to radiation from CT scanning is higher than that from other X-ray diagnostic devices, it is necessary to lower this exposure. In this study, we placed a protective seat on the abdomen and dorsal side of a human body phantom. Three different kinds of CT units, with a single detector, four detectors, and 16 detectors, were used to compare the absorbed dose on the skin surface and uterus. Head and chest CT scans were taken with the standard protocol. The difference in exposure to the uterus with and without the protective shield was found to be small. Exposure to the skin surface was about 0.2 mGy without the protective seat. We found that the exposure dose to chest could be reduced as much as 50% by using the protective seat. Effective radiation differs depending on the institution, and these differences can be more than the amount that can be reduced by using the protective seat. Thus, we conclude that it is important for each institution to determine the best protocol optimization for each individual.
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KEIKO NAKAMURA, RYOKO IDE, AKIYO SHIMIZU, TAIZO SANADA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1739-1746
Published: December 20, 2004
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We measured the effective dose received by the person assisting the patient at diagnostic X-ray examination. Measurement was done when a patient's chest, abdomen, lumbar vertebrae, hip joint, skull, cervical vertebrae, or knee joint was examined by radiography. A body phantom including human bones exposed to radiation was used in the role of the patient. Some exposure conditions for these measurements were the same as those used routinely in computed radiography. Effective dose was measured directly with an ionization survey meter. As a result, the effective dose of the person assisting with axial projection of the hip joint was 124 fJiSv, which was higher than that for other regions and projections. If the assisting person helped a patient without using any protective device, the effective dose would be low enough to ignore. However, because medical staff are frequently exposed to radiation, optimal protection is crucial to prevent unnecessary radiation.
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1747-1748
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1749-
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1749-1751
Published: December 20, 2004
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1752-1757
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1758-1764
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages
1765-
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