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Article type: Cover
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
Cover9-
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Article type: Index
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
Toc11-
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Article type: Index
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
xxix-xxxv
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
312-315
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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A.R.Reddy
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
377-378
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Many of the currently used radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine and those that are begin proposed for radioimmunotherapy decay by orbital electron capture and/or by internal conversion. These nuclides emit showers of low energy electrons (as a result of Auger and Coster-Kronig processes) and have rages in the sub cellular dimensions. Hence it is of importance to consider the intracellular distribution of radionuclide; details of radionuclide decay; range-energy data of low energy electrons in cellular mass; details of target shape and size, etc. in the dose estimation.In the present paper two different approaches to dosimetry, namely, the one to obtain an average absorbed dose to macroscopic and/or microscopic target and the other to estimate the exact deposited energy in microtargets by detailed Monte Carlo track structure computations, have first been discussed. Then, the mean energy deposited per decay in microspheres (of diameter few nm to few um) due to various low-energy electron emitters (such as ^<125>I, ^<123>I, ^<77>Br, ^<64>Cu, ^<75>Se, ^<201>Tl, ^<204>Tl) have been estimated by considering their detailed decay data and point isotropic electron source scaled absorbed dose functions for monoenergetic electrons obtained by Monte Carlo methods. These computations showed that for small sensitive target sizes some of these low energy electron emitters have higher radiation quality (characterised by energy deposited in the target per decay) than alpha particles. Limitations of using mean decay data in these estimations have been discussed for situations where the contribution of potential energy due to migration of charge of the decayed atom along the molecule containing the label may play a significant role in the total energy deposition process.
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V.Rodriguez Lilian, P.Peralta Agnette, M.Hermoso Teofilo, L.Flores Mad ...
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
378-
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Sections 16, 17, and 18 of Alderson Rando phantom were imaged using a Toshiba TCT 80-A CT scanner and dose distribution curves were prepared using the Toshiba TRP-02A treatment planning system of the Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center. Exposures were made and doses were measured using TLDs which were then intercompared to computer calculated values. Up to 6% deviation was obtained. The lung densities of 20 patients and the densities of various materials embedded in a locally made phantom were determined from CT scan data. The density values for normal lung were found to be lower than the recommended value of 0.3g/cc and consistently lower than that of Alderson Rando phantom. Using the density values we obtained, we produced treatment plans which were compared to treatment plans produced using standard density values. The results are presented and analyzed.
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Uraiverotchanakorn Amphai, Nara Vaeusorn
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
379-
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Interventional Radiology is a new branch of Diagnostic Radiology concerning mainly the catheterization technique under fluoroscopic guidance to offer a new modality of treatment, either curative of palliative purpose, e.g. in controlling post traumatic hemorrhage or hemorrhage in late stage of malignancy. Many new equipments have been developed. Some are simple divices that can be modified and made from ordinary materials used in the angiographic room. The radiological technologists who work in the Interventional Radiology Department are not only the persons who take care of the radiation exposure but also have to prepare equipments for the examinations. The purpose of this communication is to present a simple equipment made in our laboratory for percutaneous drainage of bile or urine in case of obstructive jaundice or urinary obstruction. This drainage catheter is made from an ordinary angiographic catheter curved in a small loop at the distal end. The loop, held in permanent shape by tethering cable, serves as an anchor to hold the drainage catheter in place. Multiple side holes on both ascending and descending limb of the loop provide adequate drainage. No skin suture is required. This SRL (self retaining loop or Siriraj loop) drainage catheter is a simple device as well as its application, and can be reproduced in any laboratory.
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Chang-Kyun Kim
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
379-
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This survey was conducted as of Dec. 31, 1985 to furnish the elementary data of radiotechnologic field in Korea. The results were as follows: 1. The number of medical institution to be installed X-ray equipment (except dental and army hospitals) was 4,722 among 9,235 institutions. 2. The number of diagnostic X-ray equipments was 6,171 units, and 57.4% of total X-ray equipments were under 100mA capacity. 3. 52.2% of surveyed X-ray equipments were made in Korea. 4. The annual frequency of X-ray examinations was 487.7 case per year among 1,000 inhabitants to be medicated at medical institution. 5. 65.4% of X-ray examinations were the chest including chest photofluorography. 6. 53.9% of film processing methods were tank-type processing.
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G.P.Acharya
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
380-
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Nepal is a country of hills and mountains. The population is about 20 millions. The medical facility is not adequate. The radiology facility is very less. Most of the hospitals (15 beded) do not have X-ray units. So patients are facing a lot of problem for getting their X-rays done in the hill area.There are about 52 radiographer in Nepal. Among them about 12 were trained in foreign countries and the rest were trained locally. The level of the Radiographers are Junior Radiographer, Radiographer, and Senior Radiographer. Their salaries are from Rs 950 to Rs 1650 (i.e. US$ 38 to 58) and radiation commision Rs 100 to 180 (US$ 4 to 7) per month. The salary which they are getting is not enough for their food and shelter. There are about 105 X-ray units in hospitals and 15 units in private clinic. Most of X-ray machines are made in Japan and a few from Germany and India. There is no radiation measurement Facility in Nepal, except in Bir Hospital and Teaching Hospital. Except in Bir Hospital and Teaching Hospital there is no film badge service available. So the radiation workers in other hospitals are not being monitered for personal dosimetry. The concerned authorities have not taken any step in this matter. However there is a radiation protection and measurement facilities in Nuclear Medicine Imaging Center, where I am working. In this center CT scanner and gamma camera are installed, the only one in Nepal. No radiography unit has yet been installed in Nepal. It appears that there is a need to form an association of Radiographers, which can put up the grievances to the Government of this neglected profession in a developing country like Nepal.
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