Using the substrate film method of DAOUST (1957), the DNAase activity in the mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lung of normal male Wistar rats, weighing about 200g, has been studied, in comparsion with the degree of activity of this enzyme in the liver.
In the mesenteric lymph nodes and the thymus, there is a very low activity of DNAase in both the cortex and the medulla; and contrary to expectation, no higher activity was demonstrated in the pale-staining centers of the secondary nodules, which are considered to be the main sites of production and destruction of lymphocytes. Also, almost no activity was found in the white pulp of the spleen; whereas the splenic red pulp, particularly the BILLROTH's cords, definitely showed a high activity of DNAase, exceeding that in the liver. Moderate DNAase activity, similar to that in the liver, was also seen in the bone marrow as well as in the lung.

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Although several kinds of electron-microscopic studies have so far been made on various ganglion cells, it seems that concerning spiral ganglion cells there has been only one brief report of YAMAMOTO et al. (1963). The present study was made on the spiral ganglion cells of matured guinea-pig which are used most frequently for our experimental researches. At the same time rabbit's spiral ganglion cells were observed, too.
Material and methods: Fifteen healthy matured guinea-pigs and four healthy rabbits were etherized. Modioli previously taken after destroying osseus labyrinth were fixed in LEVI's solution, REGAUD's solution and formol-alcohol. For the study of the GOLGI apparatus, KOLATCHEV's method was adopted. Decalcification was performed in the 5% trichloracetic acid about 5 days and 3 to 4μ paraffined serial sections were made after dehydration. For the electron-microscopy, modioli were fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide adjusted to pH 7.4 with phosphate buffer, dehydrated through a series of alcohol, and then embedded in styrene and n-butyl methacrylate (1:1), epon and new epoxy resine‘Epok 533’recommended by KUSHIDA. Thin sections were cut on a PORTER-BLUM microtome with glass knives, stained with uranyl acetate, and examined in a HITACHI's HU-10 electron microscope and a NIPPON DENSHI's JEMT-6 electron microscope at magnification of 1, 000-10, 000.
1. The spiral ganglion consists of comparatively light bipolar nerve cells which are almost of the same size. The nucleus is round or oval in shape and is sometimes located to one side in the cells. It contains one or several nucleoli which are often found closely attached to the nuclear membrane. Occasionally a small number of comparatively dark cells are recognized. They have many small vacuoles, their cytoplasm has got dark stained and their nucleus has often become atrophic. This fact, however, is considered to be an indication of one stage of the above-mentioned nerve cell function.
A great number of filamentous and bacilliform mitochondria are recognized scatteringly and a comparatively simply formed GOLGI apparatus is found around nucleus. NISSL substances are often observed diffusely in the cytoplasm. In spiral ganglion nerve cell, somewhat light yellowed gross pigment granules are often recognized. They are of more or less angular pseudomorph and not homogeneous, and there are some of their portions which are blackened by the fixative which contains OsO₄. Furthermore occasions not frequently arise when several pigment granules are placed in the form of‘rosette’on one side in the cell. In fact, they are well stained with iron-hematoxylin, slightly stained with azocarmine and positive to PAS reaction. Besides this gross pigment granules, many small pigment granules which are positive to PAS reaction are found plentfully in the cytoplasm. It is often difficult to distinguish themselves from mitochondria as they are so well stained to the iron-hematoxylin.
The spiral ganglion cell is called‘markhaltige Ganglienzellen’(SCHARF 1958) and its cell body is covered with myelin sheath. In many cases, only one satellite cell envelops around a nerve cell body in a section.
2. Electron microscopic study was made on the above-mentioned nerve cell and the following results were obtained.
a) No remarkable density difference is observed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the spiral ganglion cell, which is different from the spinal ganglion cell (KUROSUMI and AKIYAMA 1958). Nuclear membrane pores are confirmed on the nuclear membrane. Very often the outer membrane of the nucleus swells into cytoplasm. The nucleolus chiefly consists of nucleolonema and often finds itself close to the nuclear membrane. Besides, chromatin aggregates are seen in the nucleus.
GOLGI apparatus consists of vesicles, vacuoles and lamellae, and quite often vacuoles and lamellae grow much larger.

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大黒鼠の尾腱の膠原線維をホルマリン固定し, 超音波で破砕したのち, 種々の水素イオン濃度の燐ウォルフラム酸と酢酸ウラニールの溶液で電子染した. 電子微写真で微原線維の周期的横帯を比較すると, pH 2.6での燐ウォルフラム酸では各構造周期に濃影の横帯 (a, b, c, d, e₁, e₂) が見られ, 電子密性の順は, a, b, c, d, e₁, e₂>a-b, c-d>e₁-e₂, b-c≥d-e₁, e₂-aである. pH 7.3での燐ウォルフラム酸溶液では, ウォルフラムアニオンの極性吸着が減ずるため, 周期的横帯構造が不鮮明に現われる. pH 4.5にて酢酸ウラニールで電子染し, 続いて標本をよく水洗すると, 各周期に6つのやや電子密の横帯が認められるが, 各横帯間の部が淡影である. 蓋し酢酸ウラニール溶液内では微原線維は正帯電し, ウラニールカチオンはその構造間隙によく侵入するが, 強い極性吸着が起らないために, 後処理により, 再び洗い出されるから構造の対照増加が弱いのであろう.

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Bei den ein ganzes Jahr hindurch monatlich angesammelten, ausgewachsenen Kroten (Bufo vulgaris formosus, _??_) wurden die LANGERHANSschen Inseln des Pankreas histologisch und cytologisch eingehend studiert. Die Gewebsstücke aus den Bauchspeicheldrüsen wurden hauptsächlich mit LEVIschem Osmiumgemisch fixiert, und die Paraffinschnitte wurden mit Azan, Chromalaunhämatoxylin-Phloxin (CHP), Aldehydfuchsin-Lichtgrün-Orange G, Eisenhämatoxylin (HEIDENHAIN) und Perjodsäure-SCHIFFsche Reaktion (PAS) gefärbt.
1. Die Hauptmasse der großen und mittelgroßen Inseln wird gewöhnlich von den B-Zellen eingenommen. Sie bilden häufig quergestreckt und einreihig dicht angeordnet lange gewundene Zellstränge, welche sich zu einem Knäuel zusammenballen. Die B-Zellenstränge sind je von einer dünnen, Blutkapillären führenden Bindegewebsmembran begrenzt. So entsprechen sie wahrscheinlich den exokrinen tubulösen Endstükken des Pankreas und der Membrana propria der letzteren. In der peripheren Zone der Inseln kommen in der Regel A-Zellen in wechselnder Menge vor. Sie finden sich in den benachbarten Endstücken, bilden die Schalen, die unvollkommen das Knäuel der B-Zellenstränge umgeben. Im zentralen Abschnitte der Inseln findet man niemals A-Zellen. Eine einzelne Insel von außen als eine das Ganze umschließende Faserkapsel ist nicht vorhanden.
Die kleine Inseln sind nichts anders als kleine Inselzellengruppen in den exokrinen Endstücken; bei ihnen bilden die B-Zellen ebenfalls die zentrale Hauptmasse und die A-Zellen befinden sich in kleiner Zahl in der peripheren Zone. Zwischen diesen kleinen Inseln und den exokrinen Pankreaszellen kommen weder Grenzmembran noch Blutkapillaren vor.
Es gehört zur auffallenden morphologischen Besonderheit der Inseln bei der Kröte, daß außer den oben geschilderten verschiedengroßen Inseln viele A-Zellen einzeln oder reine A-Zellenkomplexe bildend innerhalb der Endstücke vorkommen, welche keine B-Zellen begleiten. Die zwischen exokrinen Pankreaszellen einzeln vorhandenen A-Zellen sind in der Regel groß und liegen mit einer Fläche auf der Membrana propria des Endstückes an. Die reinen A-Zellenkomplexe sind wechselnd groß; die großen lassen sich in ihrer Größe mit den mittelgroßen Inseln vergleichen. Sie sind von dem exokrinen Gewebe durch eine Grenzmembrane nicht getrennt und mit besonderen Blutkapillaren nicht versorgt. Bei den kleinen A-Zellenkomplexen sind die A-Zellen groß, aber bei den größeren klein. Im allgemeinen zeigen A-Zellen keine besondere innige Beziehung zu den Blutkapillaren.
2. Wenn wir von dem größten Ausführungsgang mit einem Flimmerepithel absehen, führen verschieden große Ausführungsgänge einschließlich der Schaltstücke in ihrer Wand verhältnismäßig viele Inselzellen einzeln und gruppenweise. Sie lassen sich nach der Lokalisation in der Wand des Ausführungsgangs in folgende drei Klassen einteilen: a) Inselzellen innerhalb des Basalteils des Epithels, b) Inselzellen, die von der Basalfläche des Epithels nach außen ins Bindegewebe in wechse lndem Grade vorspringen, einschließlich der Inselzellensproße, und c) Inselzellen, die direkt unnerhalb des Epithels in eigener Bindegewebsschicht des Ausführungsgangs eine von Epithel abgetrennte, selbständige Insel bilden. Diese wahrscheinlich von dem Epithel des Ausführungsgangs entwickelten Inselzellen sind zum größten Teil A-Zellen; die größeren Inseln in der Bindegewebsschicht bestehen oft aus A- und B- Zellen.
3. Bei der Kröte lassen sich drei Arten lnselzellen, A-, B- und D-Zellen unterscheiden; D-Zellen werden am wenigsten angetroffen; ihr Vorkommen ist unbestimmt

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白色レグホン種家鶏の孵卵16日から孵化後10日までの若雛の副腎被質を電子顕微鏡で観察して, Fujita (1961) が発表したものに補遺すべき2, 3の知見を得た. 鳥類の皮質は髄質と混在し, 哺乳類のような3層を形成せず, 哺乳類のそれとはかなりおもむきを異にする.
家鶏の副腎皮質細胞の糸粒体の櫛は一般に管状で不規則であるが, 少数の糸粒体では数本の櫛が平行に並んでいる. 稀に長く渦巻いた (時には5回), 10μに達する管状の櫛が見出された. また空胞をもった糸粒体も時々存在する. 胎児や若雛の皮質細胞にはかなり多数の糸粒体の分裂像が見られる.
細胞質の大部分は糸粒体と, これに接する滑面 (少数は粗面) 空胞からなっているが, これらの間にリボゾーム (ribosomes) が散在し, 稀に中心小体が見られる. 滑面空胞の中には稀に中等度の電子的密度をもった, 均質な物質が見られ, この空胞中にホルモンと関係深い物質の存することを思わせる. Fujita (1961) のいうように他の大部分の低電子密度の空胞中にも, 稀薄な, これと同様の物質が含まれるものと推測される. これらの所見から皮質の分泌物は, 滑面 (または粗面) 小胞体の中に, それに接する糸粒体の作用をうけて形成されるものと考えられる.

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So far many kinds of light microscopic and electron microscopic studies of ciliated epithelium of various animals have been made, but researches on the human tracheal epithelium in the electron microscope are very few, and only one brief report of RHODIN (1959) is known to us. In the present study the materials were obtained from men of 45 and 54 years and women of 42 and 59 years on the opportunity of the operation of tracheotomy and laryngectomy. The materials were fixed in osmium tetroxide adjusted to pH 7.4 with veronal acetate buffer and embedded in styrene and n-butyl methacrylate or in epon. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate, and examined in the electron microscope at magnification of 1, 000-10, 000.
1. The structure of the ciliated cells of the human trachea is generally such as ever been written in other organs. Through careful observation, however, it has been confirmed that the limiting membrane of the cilia occasionally consists of two layers. In the cilia interior are seen 9 pairs of peripheral axial filaments and one pair of central axial filaments, the latter being enclosed by one-layer membrane. The basal corpuscle of the cilium is made up of fused peripheral axial filaments and its interior, the latter possessing a small round or egg-shaped shell. The root of the cilium from the ringshaped side wall of basal corpuscle shows a periodic structure with a period of 60mμ. In each period, i. e. between the two dense bands a thinner dense interband is found.
2. Generally microvilli develop well. They branch sometimes. Their tips often swell. Sometimes pinocytotic vesicles are seen in the microvilli. GOLGI apparatus is located on the upper side of the nucleus, and is composed of GOLGI membranes, vesicles and on some occasions vacuoles. Mitochondoria, which are round or bacilliform, sometimes branched, with cristae mitochodriales are disposed to gather under the cilia, but never touch their basal part. So-called‘hypobasale hyaline Zone’reported by HIOKI under the light microscope could not be confirmed in the present study. Occasions sometimes arise when the mitochondria are swollen and the cristae mitochondriales are dispersed, and small high electron dense granula occupy their interior. It is considered that it depends on the functional stages of the cell. Moreover many small vesicles are observed scatteringly in the cytoplasm and many multivesicular bodies are recognized above the nucleus.
3. Coarse granules of high electron density present in the cytoplasm and are classified into 2 kinds. 1. round or oval-formed comparatively clear granules with a limiting membrane and of high electron dense homogeneous ground substance. In the interior of this granule, high electron dense small granules of various size which are adjacent to the inside of the limiting membrane, are frequently observed. Probably electron density of the granule grows higher with the increase of the small granules in number. 2. round granules of concentric lamellar structure. They are seen numerous near the GOLGI apparatus. It is to be considered that some of the GOLGI vesicles gradually increase their electron density and at the same time show concentric lamellar structure in the interior, during which high electron dense substance deposits itself in the lamellar structure, and finally these granules change into a high electron dense granules without structure. But the reverse case may be taken into consideration with regard to the process of formation of the above mentioned granules. Furthermore, near the granules, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticula and RNA granules are seen. To what extent these bodies have to do with the process of granule formation is unknown.
4. There were findings which are in favour of HIOKI's ones under the light microscope concerning the transformation of the ciliated cell of the trachea to the goblet cell in man.

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