We performed a survey of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 5102 healthy children at Yaeyama district Okinawa over a period of 6 years from 1975 to 1981, and also that of surface antibody (anti-HBs) in 2665 of the children studied. The antigen was found in 3.7% and the antibody in 17.6%. It is obvious that the positive rate of the antigen and the antibody was higher in the boys' group than the girls' one, and this was particularly significant at the ages between 11 and 15. The frequency of positive antigen and antibody had a tendency to an increase of antigen at the age of 9 and that of antibody at the age of 6, and the peak of both positive rates at the age of 15. As a transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a school has been considered, we had a follow-up study in some elementary schools and junior high schools. There was no child showing a -conversion of HBsAg from negative to positive.
We also studied a transmission of HBV, particularly child to child, in 1902 children in 47 nursery schools and had a result of 30 children with positive HBsAg in 16 schools. There were 7 infected children in 3 of these schools and one of the children caused its 2 brothers to infect at their home. Three of the 7 children who were infected at their own schools became carriers. The remaining 4 children became negative and 2 of them developed acute hepatitis.

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Campylobacter jejuni/coli has recently become recognized as a common bacterial cause of enteritis. Many possible routes of infection can be thought of, but it is too difficult to pinpoint one common source and route because the incubation period is rather long.
It is known that this organism is widly carried in domestic animals and poultry. In fact, there were some cases of Campylobacter enteritis which might be transmitted by dogs, cats or other animals. Therefore it is now clear that these animals constitute sources of human infection.
As a link in the chain of the studies to make clear the epidemiological background of the human Campylobacter enteritis, we studied the frequency of carriage of C. jejuni/coli in whild animals. A total of 312 wild animals, including 250 birds, 15 mammals, 9 tortoises, 2 snakes and 36 insects were tested.
C. jejuni/coli was isolated from 41 out of 250 birds (the isolation rate was 16.4%) and one out of 15 mammals (the isolation rate was 6.7%), but none from the 47 other animals. In the case of birds, the frequency of isolation among different species was different. Crows and ducks had high isolation rates (Crow 55.9%, Duck 21.1%), sparrows and pigeons had medium ones (Sparrow 9.4%, Pigeon 7.9%) and pheasants had a low one (0%). Crows had significantly higher isolation rates (p<0.005) than sparrows, pigeons and pheasants.
In Japan it is not allowed to catch wild birds and mammals except during the general hunting season and during specially permitted periods. Therefore the numbers were too small to be able to achieve statistical significance of the seasonal isolation rate. C. jejuni/coli was isolated in January, February, August, September and November, but can probably be detected in other months of the year too.
From the above result, it can be considered that human infection may be caused by this organism from wild birds and mammals directly or indirectly. In other words, these animals may be affect public health because of their contamination of water and other environment or when they are used as food.

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Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethral discharge has been performed by Gram's stain, culture on GC medium, oxidase test and sugar fermentation tests.
Since commercially available kit for sugar fermentation tests does not give a positive reaction unless number of bacteria is sufficient, we made culture tube in our laboratory for the tests.
Our preliminary experiment spreading of specimen with conradi is beneficial for culture on GC culture plate, when especially specimen has high viscosity, and slant type inoculation for sugar fermentation tests is better than depth type one. So we adopted these culture method in the following experiments.
Among 20 gonorrhea cases suspected from clinical symptoms, Gram's stain and oxidase test for N. gonorrhoeae 11 cases were diagnosed as gonorrhea by sugar fermentation tests.
It was suggested that this low recovery rate may be due to technical problem of sugar fermentation tests or presence of Neisseria species other than gonorrhoeae, Mimeae and Moraxella osloensis in clinical materials.
In any reason, we realize the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not so easy as clinicians generally believe, and we think there are many cases of non-gonococcal urethritis among cases with clinically suspected gonorrhea, if the diagnosis is made only by Gram's stain or even with oxidase test.

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Hybridoma cells were produced by fusing P3X63Ag 8.653 mouse myeloma cell line with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with Japanese encephalitis 0E) virus, Nakayama-RFVL strain. The resulting 26 clones produced hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody against the homologous virus. In order to clarify the immunological characteristics of these 26 monoclonal antibodies, the HI reactivity of each was tested against the 6 flaviviruses; JE, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), Egypt 101 strain of West Nile (WN), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) and Dengue type 1 viruses.
We obtained 14 JE type-specific monoclonal antibodies. In order to study the antigenic difference among JE virus strains, the 14 JE type-specific antibodies were tested against the 4 JE virus strains; Nakayama-RFVL, Nakayama-Yoken, JaGAr01 and Kamiyama strains.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. In the HI test against the 6 flaviviruses, the 26 monoclonal antibodies fell into 4 groups:
1) 14 clones produced JE type-specific antibodies.
2) 6 clones produced antibody reactive to JE and MVE viruses.
3) 3 clones produced antibody reactive to 3 or 4 viruses in the WN JE group; WN, MVE, SLE and JE viruses.
4) 3 clones produced antibody cross-reactive to all 6 flaviviruses.
In this pattern of reactivity, it was suggested that JE virus was immunologically most closely related to MVE virus and more closely related to WN and SLE viruses than to RSSE or Dengue-1 viruses.
2. According to the HI test against the 4 JE virus strains, the 14 JE type-specific monoclonal antibodies consisted of the following antibodies:
1) 2 clones produced Nakayama strain-specific antibodies.
2) 3 clones produced antibody which reacted to Nakayama and Kamiyama strains, and slightly or not at all to JaGAr01 strain.
3) 1 clone produced antibody which reacted to Nakayama and jaGAr01 strains, but not to Kamiyama strain.
4) 8 clones produced antibody which had almost the same titer against all 4 strains. There was antigenic variation among 3 strains; Nakayama, jaGAr01 and Kamiyama strains. However, there was little antigenic difference between Nakayama-RFVL and Nakayama-Yoken strains.
3. According to the analysis of immunoglobulin secreted, the 26 monoclonal antibodies were 4 IgM, 8 IgG₁, 10 IgG_2a, 1 IgG_2b, 2 IgG₃ and 1 IgA. A majority of the monoclonal antibodies which belonged to the IgM class were strain-specific. However, the igG class antibodies reacted to all 4 JE virus strains, or to other flaviviruses.
4. Chromosome analysis strongly indicated that the hybrid cell was made by the fusion of one spleen cell with one myeloma cell.

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[in Japanese]

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By the progress in the world traffic condition, we observe many kinds of endemic, but occasionally find difficulty in diagnosis.
The patient was a 22-year-old white student and came to Japan after travelling through many tropic countries for 2 years.
He had been suffered from hepatitis A and Salmonella enteritis in India-and entered our hospital for the treatment.
He admitted for these diseases. During his hospitalization, Malaria was developed.
He had been bit by many mosquitoes on departure from India, and after 17 day later, he had an attack of fever for 5 days.
The fever was irregular and maturation cycle of the parasite was not synchronized.
But on 35th day, synchronization occured on the second attack of fever, we found the parasites in peripheral blood and diagnosesed.
We report that travelers from tropics may be suffered from many kinds of endemic, so it is necessary to diagnosis carefully.

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A case of mycoplasma pneumonia, complicated with a severe hemolytic anemia and M-proteinemia in the course of the disease was reported. (Included are also the results of some serological investigations.)
A fifty eight-year-old man developed a severe hemolytic anemia two weeks after the respiratory symptoms of pneumonia began. The diagnosis of an autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with mycoplasma pneumonia was made by marked elevation of cold agglutinin titers and anti-mycoplasmal antibody titers. The patient was given corticosteroid and the anemia improved gradually. On 48th hospital day he was discharged with almost normal hemoglobin level.
In his serum taken after hemolysis occurred, monoclonal gammaglobulin was observed and it was determined to be IgM with lambda light chain. Further serological investigations proved that there was no immunochemical correlation between M-protein and cold agglutinin.
Anti-mycoplasmal antibody activities of the elution of cold agglutinin and of the serum after elimination of cold agglutinin were measured by complement fixation test (CF) and passive hemagglutination test (PHA). The significant antibody activity was found in the serum after elimination of the cold agglutinin and the cold agglutinin had no anti-mycoplasmal antibody activities measured by CF or PHA.

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This paper describes a patient with multiple liver abscesses successfully treated with chemotherapy.
A 62-year-old woman became febrile 10 days before admission at Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital. During this interval, she was treated with antibiotics and hepatomegaly was noticed by her physician. She had no jaundice or abdominal pain. On admission her temperature was 37.2° and elastic, firm and nontender liver, was palpable at 10 cm below the xyphoid process. White blood cell count was 18600/mm³ with 88% polymorphonuclear cells. Results of blood test included an icterus index of 7, S-GOT 47 mIU/ml, S-GPT 35 mIU/ml, alkaline phosphatase 282 mIU/ml, and LDH 535 mIU/ml. Blood culture on admission showed no growth.
A. Computed tomography (CT) of the liver showed irregular shaped multiple low density areas in both lobes. These lesions were not enhanced by contrast medium.
An abdominal ultrasound examination confirmed the multiple cystic lesions of the liver.
The diagnosis of multiple liver abscesses was made and chemotherapy was instituted with cefmetazole 2 g intravenously. Because there was still daily fever up to 39°, the therapy was changed to cefmetazole 6 g intravenously and tobramycin 120 mg intramuscularly from the 8th hospital day. The patient's condition was rapidly improved and she was afebrile after 1 week. After additional 10 days of parenteral antibiotics, she was placed on oral cefalexin 1 g for 1 month and then the therapy was discontinued. At the time of completion of the therapy, she was asymptomatic and the liver was not palpable.
On evalution 3 months after accomplishment of the chemotherapy she was still asymptomatic. Repeat CT of the liver and an abdominal ultrasound examination showed resolution of the mass lesions.
Patients with presumed liver abscess should be examined as soon as possible by CT and/or ultrasound. In case of multiple liver abscesses they should be treated with appropriate antibiotics.

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The conventional Amphotericin-B administration for mycotic disease has often been with trouble due to notorious side effects. A case is presented of a 71-year-old male patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in remission induction therapy who developed multiple subcutaneous abscesses and was successfully treated by 5-fluorocytosine. This is a first case report where 5-fluorocytosine was effective for Candida Tropicalis.

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