Five percent mucin suspensions each containing Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium varium, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius isolated from anaerobic infections were injected once subcutaneously into the dd strain of conventional mice weighing 14 to 16 g. Bacteroides asaccharolyticus Rm-1 and Veillonella alcalescens ATCC 17745 were injected in the same way. Injections consisted of 0.2 ml. Viable cell number of bacteria per ml of mucin suspensions were approximately 2 x108 colony forming units (CFU) of Bacteroides fragilis, 4×10⁷ CFU of F. varium, 3×10⁷ CFU of P. asaccharolyticus, 1×10⁷ CFU of P. anaerobius, 2×10⁸ CFU of B. asaccharolyticus, and 4×10⁷ CFU of V. alcalescens. Injections of pure culture of each organism except B. asaccharolyticus produced subcutaneous abscess of back. Injection of pure culture of B. asaccharolyticus produced moist gangrene. The lesions were visible 8 to 10 days after injection of each organism. The injected organisms were recovered from each of the lesion and no contaminating aerobe or other anaerobes were found within these lesions. Pus obtained from subcutaneous abscess in mice were analyzed by the gasliquid chromatograph (GLC) equipped with flame ionization detectors for the presence of short chain fatty acids. Chromatographic patterns of volatile fatty acids had strongly resemblance to culture results, however non-volatile fatty acids had not. GLC analysis of clinical specimens of pus recovered mixed anaerobes revealed that combined chromatographic patterns of volatile fatty acids detected in pus of subcutaneous abscesses inmice were obtained.
It is considered that GLC analysis of iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, valeric acid, isocaproic acid and caproic acid, which were not detectable in clinical specimens of pus from aerobic infections, provides reliable means for the presumptive diagnosis of infections caused by anaerobes and for identification of the pathogen.

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During the period from 1978 to 1979, there were 11 cases with epidemic hemorrhagic fever. The patients were doctors who engaged in experiments handling rats at our university. Clinical manifestation and treatment of this disease were discussed.
The onset of the illness was characterized by sudden high fever (39-40°c), shaking chills, and sharp lumbar and musclar pain. The temperature of above 37°cremained consistently elevated from 8 to 11 days, in most cases from 6 to 7 days. As the fever disappeared, the severity of symptoms diminished.
Albumiuria was noted in 9 cases, and 8 patients showed polyuria after the fever declined. In 7 of the latter, the urine volume was over 3000 ml/day at around the tenth day after onset.
The incubation period was suspected to be about 3 weeks. In hematological examination, the white cell count and the blood platelet count were found to be under 5, 000/cmm and 50, 000/cmm respectively on the initial stage of the disease. This leucocyte count tended to increase with passing day. On the nineth or tenth day, the leucocytosis was found and the WBC count returned to the normal level around the fifteenth day. The platelet count increased gradually, and attained more than 10×10⁴/crnm around the eleventh day. As to the peripheral blood picture, atypical lymphocytes were observed in 4 of 5 patients. Clinically, a hemorrhagic tendency such as nasal bleeding, buccal mucous hemorrhage spots or positivity for occult blood in feces was observed in 3 patients. These cases were diagnosed as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) from the coagulation test data. All patients showed impairment of liver function tests, moderate elevation of serum transaminase, high level lactic dehydrogenase but normal serum bilirubin level. This characteristic liver impairment disappeared within 30 days in 9 of 11 cases, and no patients indicated abnormal value after 3 months.
Liver biopsy was done in 5 cases. In 3 cases whom biopsy was performed at one month after onset, livercells were somewhat unequality in size. Furthermore, an acidophilic body formation and ballooning degeneration were noted. Kupffer cells were swelled and mobilized in places.
Due to the severe loss of appetite and the shaking chills experienced in the initial stage of the disease, transfusion were well in most of the patients.
There were DIC as complication in 3 cases in whom clear recovery was evident within a short time by treatment for DIC and their laboratory tests were improved.
As to the cause of the obvious hemorrhagic tendency noted in our patients, the DIC complication would be assumed to be a main cause. In severe cases, there were, DIC complications present. The hematological and blood chemical findings were more pronounced in them than in the other cases. So, special measures against the DIG would effectively prevent cases from becoming worse and thus be very important.

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Recently, thenumberofcases of polymicrobial infections (cases from whose foci more than two organisms have been isolated) has been increasing as a result of an increase in the incidence of opportunistic infection and the application of more sophisticate d anaerobic techniques. To investigate polymicrobial bacterial infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, 27 women with pelvic infection (35 sites of infection) and 41 women with Bartholin's abscess were studied during the period from 1974 to 1979. The results were as follows:
1) The frequency with which polymicrobial bacterial infections were encountered in cases of pelvic infection was 68.6%(24 foci out of a total of 35 foci examined). The incidence of polymicrobial bacterial infections was higher in cases of puerperal infections (83.3%) and infections following caesarean section (68.8%), compared to infections in gynecological patients (61.5%). In cases of Bartholinitis, the frequency of polymicrobial bacterial infection was one-third the rate seen in pelvic infections (19.5%).
2) In every case of pelvic infection, there were some underlying conditions which induced a favorable environment for bacterial growth. Half the number of these cases had already received anti-microbial chemotherapy.
3) Two or three different species of organisms were usually isolated from a lesion, whereas in cases of intrauterine infections and Bartholinitis, four different species were occasionally observed.
4) Mixed anaerobic and aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections were common at the site of acute pelvic infection. The most common combination recovered in such cases was that of E. coil and Bacteroides.
5) Being mixed infections with anaerobic bacteria and gramnegative bacilli, the combination of E. coli and Bacteroides occurred only in severe cases while a combination of Klebsiella and Bacteroides or that of P. cepacia and Bacteroides occurred in mild cases, as far as we have experienced. Thus, the clinical condition of infection varied with the combination of pathogens participating in the mixed infection.
6) When Bacteroides, S. epidermidis or Enterc coccus appeared singly at the site of infection, the patient's condition usually responded very favorably to treatment. But when any of these species occurred in combination with E. coli or other pathogenic bacteria, the patient usually developed symptoms of severe infection.
7) In polymicrobial infections, it is extremely difficult to determine which organism is playing a dominant pathogenetic role in the development of infection. It is not necessarily impracticable, nevertheless, to estimate the prognosis from the combination of pathogens involved in the infection.
It would be most advisable, therefore, that anti-microbial chemotherapy be directed against all the pathogenic organisms recovered fromthe site of infection; hence, there may be cases where it is preferable to use two or more different antibiotics in combination.

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In July 1977, infection caused by S. thphimurium developed in 15 children in the pediatric ward.
Gastroenteritis was documented in 9 of them and 6 of them were carriers.
Epidemiological and microbiological evidence indicated that a patient's mother was the carrier responsible for the infection.
The mode of spread was by contact with the flush-valve of the toilet in the pediatric ward.
Isolation of the patients, exhaustive hand-washing and Fosfomycin therapy halted the epidemic.

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Seroepizootiological studies were carried out on swine in Tochigi Prefecture over a period from July, 1979 to June, 1980. In them, estimation was made on titers of HI antibody against type A influenza virus in the serum of these swine, and transitional antibody examined in swine spontaneously infected with this virus. Then the following results were obtained.
1) The porcine type A strain caused an epizootic repeatedly among swine. When such epizootic broke out, it spread remarkably and HI antibody of high titer was acquired. The rate of possession of HI antibody sometimes reached 100% among swine raised in an area involved in such epizootic.
2) The Hongkong type A strain did not cause such an intense epizootic as that of the porcine type A strain. The rate of possession of antibody against the A/Bangkok/1/79 strain, as estimated each month, ranged from 10 to 50% among pork-type swine. It was generally observed that this strain induced a persistent mild epizootic.
3) Swine positive for antibody against the A/Bangkok/1/79 strain were used to study the rise and fall of some other Hongkong type A strains. As a result, the rate of antibody possession was 19.2% not only against recently prevailing strains but also against such old strains as the A/Yamanashi/20/75/strain.
4) It was found that 2 swine were positive for antibody against the Russion type A strain.
5) The transmission of antibody against type A influenza virus from the mother sow to the colostrum, regular milk, and piglet serum depended upon the level of antibody titer of the mother sow. It was demonstrated that when the mother sow showed an HI antibody titer of 1: 2, 048 against the A/NJ/8/76 strain, her colostrum exhibited a titer of 1: 1, 024, her regular milk a titer of 1: 256, and the serum of her piglet one month old a titer of 1: 64, presenting the transmission of antibody from her. The antibody titer become below 1: 16 in her piglets at 2 or 3 months of age.

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Due to the progress of transportation measures and the closer international relationships, the incidence of malaria in Japan is guessed to be about a hundred a year. We reported two adolescent patients with P. vivax. Both were from Papua-New Guinea and had taken chloroquine for prophylaxis. They developed fever about a month after its discontinuation. Both were treated successfully with chloroquine followed by primaquine as the prevention of relapse.

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