Histochemical studies of adrenal cortex of male rats under various hypothermic conditions: ice-water immersion with or without administration of Thiopental Sodium or Phenothiazine-derivatives, rewarming, surgical stress and Cortisone & ACTH administration were performed according to Dempsey's method.
1) Differences in individual were minimum and the respiration, circulation and the course of body temperature reduction were much stable under pharmacological hibernation.
2) Ketosteroids in fasciculata and reticularis zones of adrenal cortex were markedly depleted by cold application, but using anesthetics, especially on pharmadological hibernation, depletion of KS was less.
3) Hypothermia and pharmacological hibernation lessened the changes in adrenal cortex by operativ measures (partial resection of liver) under cooling.
4) Some circulatory and parenchimatous changes by cooling and rewarming were observed histologically in the adrenal cortex. Hemorrhagic changes were seen in the adrencl cortex after cooling to 20, 5°C of body temperature, but were less marked after administration of Phenothiazine-derivatives.
5) Cortisone or ACTH had some protective effects against reduction of weight and histlogical changes of adrenal cortex by cooling.

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Effects of pharmacological hibernation, induced hypothermia and administration of Corti. sone & ACTH to the vital organ cells, were investigated histologically and the following results were obtained.
1) There were the most deleterious changes in the tissue cells under hypothermia without any anesthetics but the least under hypothermia with Phenothiazines.
2) The liver, kidney and lung were chiefly damaged, which were mainly circulatory, by body cooling. However, those changes of the organs were reduced by administration of Phenothiazine-derivatives, Cortisone or ACTH.
3) Histological changes were not increased by operative measure under hypothermia and pharmacological hibernation.
4) Glycogen in the livers, staining by PAS, decreased under hypothrmia but the decreasing was minimamized by administration of Phenothiazines, Cortisone and ACTH.
5) Decrease of nucleic acid in liver cells, by staining of nucleic acid, was noticed under hypothermia.
6) Various parenchymatous changes of the liver and kindney under hypothermia were thought to be caused by cirsulatory anoxia.
7) It was difficult to determine the limit of body cooling only by histological findings, but clarification of the cause of late death after hypothermia by histclogical findings was important.
8) Tolerance of rats to cold were increased by administration of Cortisone or ACTH, therefore these administration were very effective measures in order to save the lives under hypothermia.

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With the purpose to investigate the functional changes of the perineal muscles brought about by pregnancy and delivery, the author determined the _??_-S relationship in the electromyograph of the bulbo-cavernous muscle and levator ani muscle in women married but not pregnant, multipara, multigravida (but without normal delivery), and in women with uterovaginal prolapse at the time when the perineal muscles had been variously made to contract intensely either at rest or intentionally all the while maintaining such a contraction in each case as constantly as possible, and studied the _??_-S relationship. The following are the results:
1. In the perineal muscles like in other skeletal muscles there are two kinds of the functional differentiation in NMU, namely, kinetic NMU and tonic NMU.
2. The ratio of the discharge groups between tonic NMU and kinetic NMU in the bulbocavernous muscles and levator ani muscles in any of the four goups of women mentioned above lies between 1.86 and 2.00 in the case of bulbo-cavernous muscles while between 2.14 and 2.22 in the levator ani muscles, showing no marked changes in either case.
3. In the _??_-S relatinnship of the bulbo-cavernous muscles and levator ani muscles both K and T curves tend to show a shift to right in the bulbo-cavernous muscles; and therefore, the levator ani muscles seem to be the muscle more adapted for mainataining a sustained movement than the bulbo-cavernous muscles.
4. That both K and T curves, especially the T curve, tend to show the shift to right in pregnancy seems to indicate that the contracting mechanism of the perineal muscles is functioning smoothly in unison with abdominal distention, the perineal muscles playing a role of barotaxic muscle.
5. In the cases with uterovaginal prolapas T curve in both the bulbo-cavernous and levator ani muscles tends to show a shift to left, and in addition, S is increased in both K and T curves. This phenomenon is due to the shortened range of smoothly-working adjustment mechanism at the intentional contraction of muscles with consequent diminution in barotaxic action.
As for the intensity of the muscular contraction, it is determined by the amplitude of the discharge of an individual NMU, and it is also determined by numbers of NMU acting at the same time. Therefore, there is as yet no conclusive evidence proving any clear-cut quantitative relationship between the frequency of spike discharge appearing in mucslce fibers and the intensity of the muscle contraction.
However, the author has been able to clarify that the intensity of the muscle contraction, as determined even by such a simple method as to determine numbers of discharge at a given unit of time with the use of a concentric type of elctrodes, coincides with clinical findings and that the determination of the degree of perineal muscle contraction and the observation on the action of hormoues (especially progesterone) on the perineal muscle are clinically valuble. Namely:
1. In pregnancy the frequency of discharge in the perineal muscles is decreesed, and it is still further decreased with advance in the pregnant month. The abortion, however, brings this lowered frequency gradually back to the normal level.
2. Even in the cases of uterovaginal prolapse, the frequency of discharge is diminished, and such a diminution is proportional to the degree of uterovaginal prolapse.
3. Progesterone acts as to relax the perineal muscle while estradiol has no marked effect on the myogenic tonus of the muscles.
4. In the case of functional hemorrhage, the tonus of the perineal muscles is either slightly or moderately accelerated.
5. The tonus of the perineal muscles in uterine hypoplasia is also accelerated.
6. It seems that there is no causal realtion between hormones and the perineal muscle tonus in uterine cancer, uterine myoma, and ovarian cystom.

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In order to study the relationship between the types of Ascaris lumbricoides and the blood types of human hosts, the following tests were carried out:
1) The absorption tests for the normal human anti A and B agglutinin using the powder of 44 specimens of Ascaris.
2) The absorption tests for the anti A_IV, anti B_II B_III and anti B_III agglutinin using the powder of 54 specimens of Ascaris which were taken from 8 patients with known blood types.
3) The agglutinin inhibition test for the anti A_IV agglutinin using the water extracts of each of those Ascaris specimens.
4) The precipitin test for the anti O_III precipitin using water extracts which were prepared from the powdered Ascaris.
The results obtained from the above mentioned tests are as follows:
1) Ascaris lumbricoides could be divided into two groups by the presence or absence of AIV substance.
2) B and O_III substances are so widely distributed that it is difficult to classify Ascaris lumbricoides by these type substances.
3) The majority of the round worms parasitic in the hosts whose blood types are A, AB and B seem to have A_IV substance, whereas those worms parasitizing O type hosts usually lack A_IV substance.

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In his previous report the author stated that Ascaris lumbricoides could be divided serologically into two groups, A⁺ and A^-, by the presence or absence of A_IV substance, and that the majority of the round worms parasitic in the persons whose blood types are A, AB or B belong to A⁺ group, whereas those worms parasitic in O-type persons usually belong to A^- group. In order to corroborate this statement experimental human infections were carried out in the present study.
The eggs from two females of A⁺ and A^- type respectively were cultured to infective stage and swallowed, 10 to 16 each, by 10 volunteers of both sexes whose blood types are known a priori. The adult worms, 20 in all, recovered from the volunteers by administration of anthelmintica 3 months later were subjected to the inhibition tests of anti-A_IV agglutinins for determination of their types.
1) Out of 11 worms recovered from three A and B blood type volunteers who swallowed a total of 36 eggs from A⁺ type adult worm, 10 belonged to A⁺ type and 1 to A^- type.
2) Two O-type volunteers who swallowed a total of 29 eggs from A⁺ type adult worm passed only one male worm each which proved to belong to A^- type. This indicates that A⁺ type adult worm produces A^- type larvae besides A⁺ type larvae.
3) One A blood type volunteer and another B blood type volunteer who swallowed respectively 12 and 15 eggs from A^- type adult worm were not infected.
4) One A blood type volunteer, to whom 13 eggs from A^- type worm were given, passed two worms of A⁺ and A^- type respectively, indicating that A^- type adult produces larvae of both types as in A⁺ type adult.
5) Two O-type volunteers who swallowed a total of 24 eggs from A^- type worm discharged 5 worms, of which 4 were of A^- type.
From the above mentioned results, though complicated by the fact that one type worm, may produce larvae of the other type, it may be safely assumed in connection with the first report that the type substances, especially A_IV substance, of Ascaris lumbricoides have a certain correlation with the blood types of the hosts in building up Ascaris infection.

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As a result of epidemiological survey of Ascariasis and Ancylostomiasis at Mizushima, the southern part of Kurashiki City, the following findings were made.
1) Ascariasis occurs more frequently among the Koreans than among the Japanese.
2) The incidence of Ascariasis is decreasing in the Japanese, but increasing or static in the Koreans depending on their standard of living.
3) The incidence of Ancylostomiasis might be gradually increasing in this area, though any difference by race or living quarter could not be ascertained.

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From an investigation into the distribution and symptomatology of Clonorchiasis sinensis at Mizushima, the southern part of Kurashiki City, the following results have been obtained.
1) The majority of cases occurred in adult Koreans, and only few cases in Japanese.
2) The vectors concerned in this area are mainly Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio.
3) Serious cases were found very often.

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Although several noteworthy data have been obtained by clinical application of bone-marrow tissue culture, in view of the complexity of its procedures we have devised a simple method of bone-marrow tissue culture modified from the cover-slip method for the purpose of a still wider clincal application. By observing the bone marrow of the sternum of healthy persons by means of this method, the following results were obtained:
1. The medium was consisted of a drop each of normal human serum and vitamin B₁₂ solution placed on a tissue culture plate of our own device, and the best results were obtained by the vitamin B₁₂ solution (containing 100 r/cc) to be added to the serum; and the most suitable space-distance between the surface of the slideglass and the coverglass was in the range of 150-200 μ.
2. In the determination of the relative growth rate, cell-density index and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils in the bonemarrow tissue culture of the sternum of healthy persons, within 24 hours of the culture the results obtained resemble quite closely to those obtained by the conventional method of tissue culture, proving that this method is sufficiently worthy of clinical application even though the shortening in the duration of arrest-time in all cells can be observed.

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By performing a series of bone-marrow tissue culture of patients with various blood diseases by simple method the author studied the tissue growht and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils, and arrived at the following conclusions:
1. In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia the tissue growth is excellent, but the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils is somewhat decreased. In the cases of acute myelogenous leukemia monocytic leukemia the rate of relative growht is somewhat lower than in the case of normal persons: and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils shows a markedly low value. The boundary of the growth zone is sharply demarcated, and the cell density index is high, presenting the growth pattern charcteristic to leukemia.
2. In the case of hypoplastic anemia the tissue growth is extremely poor; and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils is markedly low, showing an increase of fat cells in the explant.
3. In the case of Banti's disease the tissue growth is rather poor, and the wandering velocity of mature meutrophils is low.
4. In the case of essential hypochromic anemia both the tissue growth rate and the wandering velocity of mature neutrophils are identical with those of normal persons.
5. In the case of agranulocytosis the tissue growth is extremely poor, and showing no increase of fat cells in the explant, the treatment with ACTH, however, improves the bone marrow function strikingly.
6. In the case of pernicious anemia the wandering velociyt of mature neutrophils is accelerted by the presence of vitamin B₁₂ in the medium.
These findings by this method of culture coincide almost exactly with those by the conventional method, and it is believed that this method can be widely used in clinics due to its simplicity manipulation.

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By the simple method of bone-marrow tissue culture previously mentioned, the author performed the bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits, and arrived at the following conclusions
1. In the bone-marrow tissue culture of rabbits just as in the case of human bone marrow the addition of vitamin B₁₂ at the concentration of 100 r/cc. is most suitable. In the case of bone-marrow tissue culture of normal rabbits the rate of tissue growth and the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils resemble quite clososely to those of the conventional method of culture.
2. The duration of arrest-time of all cells is 48 hours, being shorter than that of the conventional method of culture, and moreover, the culture stages can not be divided into three stages of the initial, intermediate and terminal stages, but it moves from the initial stage directly to the terminal stage. However, this method of tirsue culture is suffisently appliceable for the observation of bone-marrow functions.
3. In the bone marrow tissue culture of acute anemic rabbits 5 days after blood-deplation, the tissue growth rate and the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils are higher than those of normal rabbits; and moreover, these findings resemble quite closely to those by the conventional method of bone-marrow tissue culture.
From these findings it has been clarified that by using this simple method even in the case of rabbit bone marrow the same as in the case of human bone marrow it is possible to learn a certain aspect of the bone marrow function similarly as by the conventional method of culture.

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The author has investigated the oxygen consumption in various regions of normal rabbit bone marrow by using Warburg's manometer. The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. In the long bone group, the oxygen consumption was greatest in the femur, followed by the humerus, tibia and radius in the order mentioned. The value was slightly greater in the epiphyseal part than in diaphyseal one, but stochastically no significant difference could be found between the diaphysis and epiphysis of both the femur and humerus. Of the 15 sets of comparisons made at six diffesent parts, namely, the diaphyseal and epiphyseal parts of the femur and humerus, and the tibia and radius, ten sets showed significant differences.
2. The O₂-consumption was slightly greater in the hip-bone than in the scapula (in the flat bone group), but no significant difference could be found between the two values. Both bone marrow showed lower values than the diaphyseal part of the femur, and significant differences could be found between the two and diaphyseal part of femur, respectively.
3. The ether-extractable substances in the bone marrow of the long bone group showed the highest value in the radius.
4. In general there was a tendency showing a higher oxgen consumption of the bone marrow in winter than in summer; and significant differences could be found between the values in summer and in winter in the diaphyseal part of the femur.

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In the rabbit bone marrow with experimental anemias (hyperfunction) caused by acute bleeding, with bone marrow injury cuased by a single large dose of somatic X-ray irradiation and without any treatment (normal), after regional observations on Qo₂ and Q_M^N2 in diaphyseal part of the femur, the author arrived at the following conclusions:
1. In the case of the normal rabbit bone marrow, significant diiferences were found in some comparisons due to the low value in Qo₂ in the radius bone marrow what might be considered as the representative peripheral part. Namely, of 4 comparisons of the radius with 4 other parts (epiphyseal and diaphyseal parts of the femur, and the radius and hip-bone), significant differences could be found in 3 comparisons and no significant differences in any other comparisons.
2. In the acute bleeding rabbit bone marrow, Qo₂ in various regions of the bone marrow showed high values in parallel with Qo₂ of the normal rabbit bone marrow, but observing these values in detail, a tendency was found showing a relatively higher Qo₂ in the parts with a low value in the normal. However, Q_M^N2 in the diaphyseal part of the femur showed no difference between acute bleeding rabbits and the normal.
3. In the bone marrow given a single large dose of the somatic X-ray irradiation, Qo₂ in various regions of the bone marrow had a wide range of values, but no definite tendency could be recognized when compared with normal rabbits. In the mean value, however, Qo₂ showed an inverse relationship, indicatino a remarkable decline of Qo₂ in an inverse proportion to high values of Qo₂ in the normal, namely, higher disturbances in the bone marrow; and there was a decrease of Q_M^N2 in the diaphyseal part of the femur.

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The author examined Qo₂ in various regions and Q_M^N2_ in the diaphyseal part of the femur of normal rabbit bone marrow from viewpoint of the age range, namely, in five groups, one-month-, two-month-, three-month-, six-month-, and one-year old rabbits.
1. In the normal rabbit bone marrow, significant differences in Qo₂ were found according to the age range.
2. Qo₂ of the one-month group had a wide range of Qo₂, two-month and three-month groups had a narrower range, six-month and one-year gruops had a wide range of Qo₂, sho-wing an especially lower value in the radius.
3. When observed from the morphological point of view, Qo₂ of the one-month group showed higher values in all regions and the decrease of Qo₂ in all regions from the one-month group to the three-month group is parallel with the decreas e of erythroblast percentage; but in the six-month group despite a greater decrease of erythroblast percentage Qo₂ except that in the radius shows a slight increase; and in the one-year group apart from a marked increase of erythroblast percentage all Qo₂ tend to show a remarkable decrease, especially in the radius.

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Since the middle of April 1955 there have occured in a certain dry-cleaning establishment in Okayama City cases believed to be trichloroethylene (C₂HCl₃) poisoning so that we measured the concentration of trichloroethylene in the air of the factory and at the same time examined the workers of the said factory from the standpoints of environments and psychiatry. The outline of results are as follows:
1. The trichloroethylene concentration in the air highly exposed to the workers during working hours was found to be 420-990 ppm; and considering the generally-accepted maximum allowable concentration of 200 ppm, the air in the factory seems to have contained trichloroethylene in a sufficiently high concentration as to cause chronic poisoning in workers.
2. The trichloroacetic acid content in the urine of the majority of workers immediately after the work was 300-600 mg/l, obviously surpassing the maximum permissible content of 75 mg/l.
3. In one case thought to be showing relatively advanced symptoms, the trichloroacetic acid content in the urine and the same in the blood tended to be higher.
4. On the factual examinations in the factory where trichloroethylene is used, it seems the determination of the trichloroethylene concentration in the air and of the trichloroacetic acid in the urine and the blood of workers is an effective measure to be taken.
In view of the fact that actually it is very difficult to evaluate the average concentration of trichloroethylene in the air during working hours, the determination of trichloroacetic acid in the urine of workers seems to be extremely significant.
5. As generalizing subjective and objective symptoms in the workers (5 persons) showing the poisoning symptoms, there are intoxication, disturbances in synergic movements, addiction, abstinent phenomena, insomnia, shoulder and back aches, tooth ache, disturbance in eye-sight, epiphora, changes in appetite and taste, decline in intelligence, bad humor, and intolerances for alcohol, for subjective symptoms; peculiar fat face, disturbance in minute synergic movement of fingers, atrophy of limb muscles, hypogeusia, ageusia, profuse sweating, decline in intelligence, slow-wave on E. E. G., and slight anemia may be pointed out as objective symptoms.

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In the studies of mercury concentration both in the air and urine of the workers, and of environments and physical examinations of the workers in a certain factory manufacturing agricultural mercury insecticide, the authors obtained the following results:
1. The mercury concentration in the air of the factory was 0.0990.225 mg/m³, surpassing the maximum allowable concentration.
2. The mercury content in urine of workers ranged from zero to 1, 176 γ/l with an average of 370.9 γ/l, showing no fixed relationship with clinical symptoms.
3. Among the workers examined, two showed toxic stomatitis, and three were suspected of toxic gingivitis.

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As a link in the studies on benzene poisoning, the butanone method for the microquanti-tative analysis of benzene in the air has been investigated, and also various conditions leading to the maximum development of the colour have been determined; and a situation of elimination of unchanged benzene, the ratio of ethereal sulfate to total sulfate and phenol in the urine after the rabbits receiving benzene have been studied. The results are as follows:
1. As for the concentration ethanol at 1-2 per cent, NaOH at 0.005-0.008 per cent and H₂O at below 0.5 per cent proved to be optimal on the development of the colour by the butanone method.
2. After the administration of 200-500 mg benzene per Kg. body weight, benzene concentration in the exhaled air increased rapidly, and reached the maximum 2 hours after oral administration and intra peritoneal injection. Thereafter it decreased rapidly and became almost zero 15 hours later, while in the case of subctaneous injection, it reached its maximum 3 hours afterward, and thereafter, though gradually, the elimination continued over 24 hours after administration.
3. Ethereal sulfate ratio and phenol in the urine reached the maximum 24 hours after receiving benzene, but they returned to the normal level 48 hours afterward.
4. In the cases of 0.2-1.0 g/kg of benzene by various method, the ratio of eliminated benzene to administrated one obtained so far are as follows:
as elimination unchanged 43.5-78%
as ethereal sulfate 2.9-18%
as phenol 3.2-16.7%
as a whole, 73.5-83.9% has been eliminated.

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For the purpose of inducing benzene poisoning in the rabbits by inhalation of benzene, the author deviced a new type of generator and inspirator of benzene gas to be maintained at a constant concentration and performed experiments of benzene inhalation with rabbits and guinea-pigs; and obtained the following results:
1. In the benzene inhalation with the rabbits, at the concentration of 15, 000 p. p. m. or more, test rabbits died within several hours, and at the concentration of 10.000 p. p. m., they died within 3 weeks, and at 5.000 p. p. m. in a month. However at the concentration of 2, 000 p. p. m. they all survived.
2. In the case of the guinea-pigs benzene inhalated was exhalated again almost completely within 5 hours after cessation of the inhalation.
Hematological changes:
1. In general, at all concentrations, the red cell count, leucocyte count and hemoglobin content temporarily increased immediately after inhalation, but thereafter they decreased by degrees in the course of repeated inhalation. As for the leucocyte series, pseudo-eosinophil leucocyte had obviously sustaind effect on both relative percentage and absolute counts, and also the leftward nuclear shift was observed.
2. The reticulocyte count also by inhalation brought about an obvious increase temporarily, but on the other hand, it tended to increase in the last stage.
3. On the smear preparation, staining of proper granules of pseudo-eosinophil leucocytes grew poor by degrees, and when benzene was inhaled at the concentration of 5, 000 p. p. m. or more, there appeared toxic granules, and violent anisocytosis and poikilocytosis was observed in the last stage.

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In May, 1956, several analyses of the atmospheric benzene concentration in spray-painting factories of motor-cars and general examinations were made on 16 workers exposed to thinner (benzene) during their working hours, and the following results were obtained.
1. The atmospheric benzene concentration in each plant was 15-96 p.p.m. at the breathing level of the laborers working at about 1 meter away from the sprayer and the concentration was about 67 p.p.m. on the average.
2. Blood examinations:
An increase in the hemoglobin content was not observable, but a decrease in the red cell count was seen with a tendency towards an increase in the average diameter of the cell, and red cells indicated a picture of macrocytic-hyperchromatic anemia.
A decrease in the leucocyte count was obvious, especially, neutrophil leucocytes showed the decrease in both relative percentage and absolute counts and also the leftward nuclear shift was recognized.
3. Some workers complained of fatigue, loss of bodyweight, dizziness and sleeplessness as the subjective symptoms.
4. Ethereal sulfate ratio and conjugated phenol ratio in the urine exhibited a considerable increase both before and after the work as compared with those of the control.

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An attempt has been made at the cytological study on normal ascites and thoracic fluid obtained by puncture from man and various animals, by counting number of cells in respective fluid, by preparing smeared-stained specimens, and by performing peroxidase reaction. The results are as follows:
1. As for the cell count in ascites, in mouse it was 74, 100, in rat 67, 221, in rabbit 1, 796, in dog 3, 040, and in man 1, 161/mm³, respectively; while the count in thoracic fluid, in mouse it was 68, 337, in rat 75, 560, in rabbit 1, 555, in dog 3, 177, and in man 1, 163/mm³, respectively.
2. As for the cell composition in every case phagocytes occupy the major portion as high as 80.6-92.5 per cent of the total cells, and the remainder consists of a few of lymphocytes. granulocytes, mast cells, and serosal cells.
3. By their sizes phagocytes may divided into a large type, intermediate type, and small type, and from smeared-stained specimens they show four types of stain picture, namely, monocyte-like, histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like, and lymphocyte-like pictures. However, in lower animals they resemble monocytes from the looks of their nuclear membrane and azure granules, and from the feature of nuclear meshwork and cell body they resemble histiocytes; and the higher the animals, the greater is the monocytic characteristic of these phagocytes.
4. In those mice, rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and man, whose peroxidase reaction of monocytes is positive, the same reaction of phagocytes (7.2%-23.8%) is also positive; while on the other hand in those rabbits whose peroxidase reaction of monocytes is negative, the same reaction of phagocytes is negative. Moreover, the percentage of positive reaction in phagocytes is not in parallel with the percentage of granulocytes. Therefore, phagocytes can be adjudged to be peroxidase reaction positive cells possessing essentially the same characteristics as monocytes, and it is clear that these cells are a close relative of monocytes.

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By observing monocytes and subcutaneous histiocytes in mice and rabbits, and by investigating still further phagocytes, the author discussed the similarity and dissimilarity of these cells; and also made a detailed study on essential charcteristics of phagocytes newly born in the ascites at the time of stimulation by checking periodical changes of smeared-stained specimen findings and cell counts and the peroxidase reaction; and obtained the following results:
1. Phagocytes, possessing as they do characteristics of both histiocytes and monocytes, can not conclusively be said to resemble one of the two as they themselves are. Morphological changes ocurring in phagocytes due to particular environments of ascites are responsible for this phenomenon.
2. Under a stimulation the cell count increases in ascites, and of them granulocytes and small phagocytes (newly born phagocytes) occupy a greater part, and also number of lymphocytes increases to a certain degree.
3. From findings on nuclear membrane, nuclear meshwork, chromatin, nuclear lobes, and vacuoles of the cell, new-born phagocytes present findings similar to those of immature monocytes and along with the lapse of time they present findings of mature monocytes by developing azure granules and pigmentation close to nuclear indentation; and still further vacuoles in the cell increase, and nuclear meshwork becoms irregular and the cell body grows cloudy, presenting findings similar to histiocytes, and then degenerate. Namely, phagocytes essentially possess the characteristic findings of monocytes.
4. On comparing the peroxidase reaction of phagocytes under the stimulation between that of mouse and rabbit, because the mouse with a low phagocytic power shows a higher positive percentage of the peroxidase reaction than in rabbit, peroxidase reaction granules of phagocytes are not all due to phagocytosis of neutrophils, and it has been reconfirmed the conclusion of Part 1 that in the case of mouse the peroxidase reaction is positive and in the case of rabbit negative.
Although the positive rate of this reaction decreases as the cells degenerate and become aged, even then a higher positive rate is maintained in mouse than in rabbit. Therefore, this cell can be said to be positive cell.
5. From these results, it is concluded that phagocytes in the serous cavity are cells closely related to monocytes.

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As the results of cytological investigations cf ascites and thoracic fluid in various diseases, the author recognized the cellular elements and the staining findings characteristic to each disease; and in the application of these for the diagnosis of various diseases the author obtained the following findings that may be used as the criteria for the differential diagnosis of these diseases:
1. In the case of liver cirrhosis, serosal cells, lymphocytes and small phagocytes increase in number, and neutrophils also incrsase slightly; and of them serosal cells increase in all cases. The cell body of phagocyte, having many vacuoles and marked meshwork, in general is easily destroyed. Moreover, one half of the cases are consisted of signet-ring cells derived from phagocytes, and in some instances mitotic picture can be observed.
2. In the case of nephrosis, lymphocytes and small phagocytes increase; and in general small cells occupy the major portion of the cells. As for phagocytes, the degree of degeneration in both the nucleus and cell body is high, and hence the cell is easily destructible
3. In tuberculous disease lymphocytes and small phagocytes increase markedly. and these small cells occupy the major portion. The break-down of phagocytes is rare, and in rare instances signet-ring cells derived from phagocytes and mitotic picture can be observed.
4. In the case of heart disease lymphocytes and small phagocytes are numerous.
5. The characteristics of tumorous ascites and thoracic fluid are the appearance of tumor cells, but even in the absence of tumor cells still there exists a peculiar characteristic of its own in other kinds of cells. Namely, an increase in serosal cells. the appearance of abnormal serosal cells (many nuclei, giant nucleoli, vacuole formation, deep stain of the cell body, and indistinctness of nuclear boundary), an increase of neutrophils in some cases, and appearance of signet-ring cells, and mitotic picture.
These are thought to be indirect signs of tumorous ascites and thoracic fluid, and in later examinations tumor cells have been detected in the majority of them.

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The following conclusion were obtained from the studies on the mechanism of the development of hemorrhagic tendency which occurred in the case of compatible preserved blood transfusions. Following the repeated blood transfusions of small quantity, fibrinolysis, capillary permeability promoting action and increased heparinlike substance in blood were observed. These findings are manifestation of alarm reaction, and, in this way, potencial hemorrhagic tendency is considered to occur.
Influence of citric acid, an anticoagulant of preserved blood on hemorrhagic tendency were studied. Elevated citrate levels were found following massive transfnsions of preserved citrated blood. However, it seems to be no correlation between the occurrence of hemorrhagic tendency and elevated citrate levels. Elevated citrate levels cause circulatory derangement and tetany rather than hemorrhagic tendency.

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Clinical and experimental studies on the influence of massive preserved blood transfusions on clotting mechanism of recipient were done. The most striking change observed in the studies was profound thrombocytopenia, which was considered a significant factor of hemorrhagic tendency following massive preserved blood transfusions.
Disturbance of coagulation factors were mild relatively. Fibrinolysis and increasing of heprain-like substance were also found. Especially, the former was significant in the case of pulmonary sugery. Influence of vascular factor was also expected.

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The authors made a report on one case which had carebral hemorrhage and residual motoric aphasia after using an insecticide, tetrachloro-ethylene, and on two cases with mental weakness mainly consisting of persistent systemic emaciation, hypersensitivity, and deficint thinking and memory.
In the observations of the brain and liver of mature Rattus injected with tetrachloro-ethylene (5cc/kg), the congestion of blood was observed in the blood capillaries of the brane as a whole, especially around the ventricles the edematous part and many hemorrhagic foci were recognized. In the liver there was an atrophic tendency of parencymal cells, and hemorrhagic foci occasionally in the Disse cavity and Glisson's sheath, all these being only very slightly.
In the in vitro experiment to see the effects of addition of vitamins B₁, B₂, panthotenic acid, co-carboxylase, glucuronic acid, d. 1-methionine, and cystein on the tissue respiration of the liver and brain of the rats intoxicated by tetrachloro-ethylene, cystein brought a marked rise of XO₂ in the liver and d. 1-methionin slightly. None of these, however, seemed to improve the fall of XO₂ in the brain.
Clinically the use of tetrachloro-ethylene to the person of advanced age or to those who have disturbances in the liver and blood vessels are dangerous, especially its use is prohibitive to those with a distinct arterial sclerosis.

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The author estimated the quantity of ammonia in the brain of the Rattus administered with such drugs as philopon, ritalin or meratran by Conway's diffusion analysis, and also the quantity of amino acids by the paperchromatography. The following are the results:
1. In the case of acute administration of philopon, the amount of ammonia in the Rattus brain increases markedly, while on the contrarily in the case of chronic administration it tends to decrease. Moreover, in the case of chronic administration all amino acids in the brain show a decreasing tendency.
2. In the case of acute administration of ritalin both ammonia and glutamic acid increase in the Rattus brain, whereas in the case of chronic adminstration the brain ammonia rather tends to decrease.
3. In the case of acute administtration of meratran, ammonia, glutamic acids, and aspartic acid all increase in the Rattus brain.

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In order to experiment the effects of low and high temperature upon the enzyme activity, the author used papayotin and taka-diastase and he came to the following conclusions:
1) In refregirathing experiment in O°C, -18°C, -48°C and -52°C, optimum pH in the activity of papayotin and taka-diastase is found 4.6-5.0.
2) The activity of papayotin and taka-diastase is not reduced even when the enzyme is iced in O°C for ten days.
3) After refregirating just papayotin powder in -18°C and working it on gelatin solution, the enzyme activity increases; and on the contrary, after refregirating gelatin solution in -18°C and working it on the papayotin powder, the enzyme activity decreases; and lastly, it is found out that the influence of refregirating on the enzyme activity is stronger when refregirated in -18°C for two hours han only thirty minutes in the same degree of temperature.
In the experiment used taka-diastase, when either just enzyme powder, or starch solution, or mixed solution of enzyme powder and buffer solution or of enzyme powder, starch solution and buffer solution are iced in -18°C the enzyme activity has tendency to increase a little.
In case of refregirating just starch solution, the increase of taka-diastase is seen very clearly; and two hours' refregirating in -18°C is much stronger in activity of increase than of thirty minutes.
4) In the experiment in -48°C, papayotin iced for thirty minutes and worked upon gelatin solution shows a little increase in its activity; but in the case when just gelatin solution is iced, it is not clear of any influence of refregirating. In the same experiment, when either or taka-diastase or starch solution or mixed solution of these two is iced in -48°C, the activity of taka-diastase begins to increase a little and stronger increase is found always in just starch solution which is iced for two hours rather than thirty minutes.
5) In the experiment is -52°C, just papayotin is iced and its activity with a little increase is more clealy shown in thirty minutes' refregirating rather than that of one or two hours. Either just starch solution or mixed solution of taka-diastase and starch solution is iced, the influence of refregirating on the activity of papayotin is not clear. In the experiment used take-diastase, its activity increases when just starch solution is iced, and on the other hand, the influence of refregirating upon the activity is not clear when either of taka-diastase or mixed solution of taka-diastase and starch solution is iced.
6) In short, it is found out that the papayotin in the decomposition of gelatin increases when the papayotin powder is iced; and taka-diastase in the decomposition of starch increases when the starch solution is iced: the former is the increase of papayotin based on the disaggregation of colloidal granule (F, Nord) and the latter is that the activity of taka-diastase could be made easier by refregirating starch solution and making granule into smaller pieces.
7) In heating take-diastase solution in 70°C for thirty minutes, the influence of heat upon the activity of taka-diastase is not shown; but the slight decrease of activity would be seen in case of heating in 80°C for thirty minutes.
8) In heating taka-diastase solution in 100°C for thirty minutes, the activity is gone completely which will never come back even when taka-diastase is iced in -18°C.

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As for the electron-microscopic observation of the bacterial capsule, we can see only the reports by Mudd et al. (1943) on that of Diplococcus pneumoniae and by Labaw et al. (1954) on that of Escherichia coli.
In this report. the author tried the electron-microscopic observation of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and obtained the following results:
1) For the electron-microscopic observation of the bacterial capsule, the most important is the preparation of the materials; mount and dry bacteria without washing to avoid falling off of the capsular material, and, for this purpose, lyophilization is also a good method.
2) The capsular material is observed as two layers, the internal electron-transparent and external electron-semitransparent layers around the bacterial cell
3) In a young culture, the transparent layer is wide and the semitransparent layer is very narrow. With the lapse of culture time, however, the semitransparent layer gets wider, and, in a very old culture, the transparent layer disappears.
4) After the passage through the mouse, as compared with that of cultured one, the transparent layer appears very widery, and this is considered to be due to the increased secretion of the transparent capsular material.
5) The transparent material coagulate into gel with the lapse of time; this can be well observed after heating.
6) The semitransparent material seems to be nothing but the viscous substance in the colonies of capsule-forming bacteria.
These materials can be observed only in capsule-forming bacteria and completely accord with the capsule with is observed light-microscopically in stained preparation. From these results, the author believes that these materials are the bacterial capsule itself and that the capsule could be photographed electron-microscopically.

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In the 1st part, the author succeded in electron-microscopic observation of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present part, by means of various experiments such as capsule swelling by immune sera, the author studied the characters of the bacterial capsule in detail. The results are briefly summarized as follows:
1) The cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultured on broth agar still has a narrow capsule. By pouring immune sera, this capsule swells a little, and, at the same time, bacterial cell also somewhat swells making the borderbetween these two indistinct.
2) The capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae passed through the mouse shows marked swelling after addition of imune sera.
3) To keep the capsular material as intact as possible, the following procedures were taken. Immune sera was directly dropped on bacterial colonics. a few minutes after this, bacterial cells float out, make the mesh with collodion membrane touch the floating cells. After lyophilizing thus obtained cells, the large capsule could be well observed electron-microscopically.
4) A few minutes after addition of γ-globulin, the internal transparent layer of the capsular material of young culture can be observed more distictly: this is considered to be due to the retention of secretion by surrounding the cell with γ-grobulin.
5) The capsular swelling could be also observed in Diplococcus pneumoniae, but could not in Bacillus anthracis; this needs further atudies.
6) In some sorts of control non-encapsulated bacteria, these resuls could not be observed.
From these observations, the author believes that the materials electron-microscopically observed are nothing but the bacterial capsule itself.

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In order to estimate the intracellular deposit of exogenous phosphorus in resting cells, the author studied P³² incorporation into Salmonella 57S, Salmonella 57R, Staphylococcus albus, and Staphylococcus aureus under various conditions by using phosphate labeled by P³² as exogenous source of phosphorus. The following results were obtained.
1). The process of phosphorus transfer from media into the resting cells of bacteria could be easily and accuratelly detected by adding phosphate labeled by P³² into media.
2). The deposit of phosphorus in the resting cells was increased by addition of some substrates; (especially in the cases of glucose, ribose, glycerin, and pyruvic acid, ) it showed remarkable increase.
3). From the viewpoint of duration for culture, it was observed the more increased deposit of P³² in the cells in the early state of culture, and also found the heigher rate of turn-over in the state.
4). It was found some differesce in the phosphorus diffusion due to physical factor between Sallmonella typhi 57 and Staphylococcus.
It was assumed that the differences were caused by that of membrane structure between two species.

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Using Radioactive P³² as a Tracer, the author studied the effect of bivalent metal-ions and antibiotics on the phosphorus intake of Salmonella 57S, Salmonella 57R, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus albus of the departmental stock. And the following results were obtained.
1). It was observed that Mg⁺⁺ and Fe⁺⁺ ions tend to increase the phosphorus intake of these organisms. Therefore these ions should have relation to oxidative phosphorylation. However, it was noticed that Mg⁺⁺ ion had more powerful effect on Salmonella 57S, and Salmanella 57R, contrarily Fe⁺⁺ ion had that on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus.
2). Although aureomycin showed inhibitory effect on the phosphorus intake of the organisms, chloromycetin and penicillin did not show the effect.
3). From the result of phosphorus fractionation, the greater part of P³² deposit in the cells took in the respiratory state was incorporated in the acid-soluble organic phosphorus faction.
4). Concerning about the effect of aureomycin on the P³² incorporation in each fractions, it was found strong inhibitory effect of aureomycin on the incorporation of P³² in the acidsoluble organic phosphorus fraction.
But the effect on the incorporation in other fractions could not be observed.

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By means of the electron microscope, the futher studied the morphological characteristics of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae that was grown in the Korthof media. And the following findings were observed.
1) There was a thin slime layer on the surface of the organism. This layer might be supposed to correspond to the slime layer of bacterium, was frequently found on the organism of young Culture, and was fallen off easily by careless handling furing preparation.
2) The body of the organism was covered by a membrane. The membrane could observe easily and clearly on slices made by ultramicrotome. Otherwise, it could hardly identify the membrane by occurence of desiccation artifact.
3) The organism had a well definded axis filament along its slender body in the following way. In the middle part of the body, the filament was mounted in cytoplasm; Near the both ends, it was appearenced over the surface membrane of cytoplasm. and finally at the ends, it became thick and entered again cytoplasm.
4) The filament mountes in cytoplasm run through the small canal, and moreover it situted in eccentric position.
5) The cytoplasm constituting the body of organism had high density for electron beam, but as the culture elapsed it became inhomogeneous, and occasionally it was slit into several granular masses.
6) The cytoplasm and membrane of the organism gradully disintegrated by autoloysis as the culture elapsed: However, the axis filament remained still longer without to be autolysed.
7) It could not be detected the divission-figur of the organism.

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In order to investigate the morphlogical structure of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae grown up in Korthof media, the anther observed the gradual disintegration of the organism theated with distilled water, Na-desoxycholate, hydrochloric acid and Antiformin, and by freezing-thawing method. And the following results were obtained.
1) To disintegrate organism, the application of distilled water was most effective by its powerful swelling and busting of the organism, then the freezing-thawing method came in second. Hydrochloric acid had a effect to increase the density of Cytoplasm for electron beam. Na-desoxycholate and Antiformin were not so effective to disintegrate organism.
2) The slime layer covering surface of the organism supposedly corresponded to the slime layer of bacteria, and assumed that was not belonged to the structure of organism.
3) Occasionally it was observed fine fibers on the field treated with Na-desoxycholate. Hawever, it was impossible to decide the origin of this fibers.
4) The presence of covering membrane could be clarly proved by the tratment with distilled water on the organism.
5) The cytoplasm tended to show granule-like aspect after various treatment.
6) It could not demonstrate the presence of nuclear structure.

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By conducting a histological study on the parametrial tissues of the cervical carcinoma in 237 patients previously irradiated with a small dose of X-ray, the author investigated the radiosensibility of the parametium with special references to the relationship between the changes in mitotic picture and giant cells on one hand and the C. P. L. and Nagase's classifications on the other. Those receiving 1-12 x 300 r were 215 cases and they were divided into 2 groups of 6 or 12 times; and also the deep dosis of X-ray was estimated. By obtaining the tissues of cervical carcinoma after hysterectomy, tissue specimens were prepared by Hamazaki's sublimate fixation and stained in a 1.0 % Bömer's hematoxylin solution. The following are the results of the present study.
1. The cancer infiltration in the parametrial tissues has been found in 27.8 per cent of the cases studied, and this proves on the left side to be one and half times as great as that on the right side tissues. Moreover, this infiltration is contiguous with the regions adjacent to the cervix and is situated mostly near the uterine arteries. And the cancer infiltration in the parametrial tissues in the C. P. L. classification revealed type L twice as many as type C, and the same in Nagase's classification showed more of types II and III (particularly type II) than type I.
2. The changes of the cancer tissues in the parametrial tissues after X-ray irradiation as well as of Feulgen reaction are directly proportional to the amount of X-ray irradiated.
3. The changes in mitosis, atypical cell-division and giant cell appearance clearly paralleled with the amount of X-ray employed. Mitoses decrease after 1-4 times of irradiation, and are arrested thereafter. The atypical cell division increases sensitively after 1-3 times of irradiation, while giant cells increase rapidly after 12 times of irradiation.
4. Relative to the C. P. L. classification, in the cases given 6 irradiations giant cells increase in type L, but in the cases with 12 irradiations mitoses decrease, and in the cases showing an increase in atypical cell division changes due to X-ray are strong in type C.
5. With respect to Nagase's classification in the cases given six times of irradiation the changes due to X-ray are marked in type I with a decrease in mitoses and type II with an increase in giant cells, while in the casese irradiated 12 times the changes are striking in type I with an increase in giant cells. In other words, proportionately with the increase in the amount of X-ray, the changes in connective tissues become greater in type C and type I.
6. Considering various atypical cell divisions according to the shape of each cell such a cell division increases well proportionately to the amount of X-ray irradiated in respective case, but by 12 irradiations (especially in type C) cells are condensed at first and then the atypical cell division increases at the terminal stage.

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