A 64 year old male was admitted to the Okayama University Medical School Hospital in June 1976. Although the patient had no subjective symptoms, the chest X-ray film revealed a tumor shadow in the left upper lung field. The tumor shadow was 8×9 cm, well demarcated, and homogenous. In 1969, at the time of an episode of pneumonia, the tumor shadow was 3×3 cm. At operation, the tumor was a chondrosarcoma of rib origin. The chest roentgenograms are described in this report.

抄録全体を表示

In this report, pulmonary function tests (MEFVC and V-T curve) were performed for non-smoking students and for students who had acquired the smoking habit. The analyses were performed by MEFV pattern recognition, and by forward selection procedure (FSP) and all-possible selection procedure (APSP). The results were as follows; 1) In students with mild smoking habits, PF/Ht and V₇₅/Ht showed a reduction compared with non-smoking students. 2) The MEFV pattern in students with mild smoking habits, was concave compared with that in non-smoking students; 3) FEV_1.0%, PF/Ht and V₅₀/Ht were selected as effective parameters between non-smoking students and students with mild smoking habits on the results of FSP and APSP tests.

抄録全体を表示

In this report, an effective way of B. C. G. in combination with splenectomy is presented for cancer therapy. Ehrlich ascites cancer was inoculated into the footpads of DDS mice. At the appropriate times of tumor growth, a femur was amputated to remove the primary tumor. After several days, the host was rechallenged with Ehrlich ascites cancer. The challange was considered as metastasis. For the first experiments, mice were injected with B. C. G. into primary inoculated tumor and also splenectomized at the amputation. The combined therapy of B. C. G. injection and splenectomy prolonged survival, whereas neither B. C. G. injection nor splenectomy alone did not. For the next examination, the influence of B. C. G. presensitization with or without splenectomy on survival was examined. It was confirmed that the combined therapy was useful for the prolongation of survival. Furthermore, when Ehrlich ascites cancer was reinoculated with sera obtained from tumor bearing mice, splenectomy effectively prolonged survival. The data suggest that B. C. G. therapy is effective for host survival, especially when splenectomy is also performed.

抄録全体を表示

The effect of in vivo treatment with levamisole (LMS) as cancer immunotherapy was studied on mammary cancer (female) and transplanted MH-134 hepatoma (male) in C3H/He mice. LMS 1.15mg/kg was administered s.c. at various intervals and various stages of cancer growth. In experiment I, sterile saline was injected s.c. in the scapular region of mice bearing mammary cancer every other day ten times as a control group. LMS was injected until the animal died in the third group with the same method. The treatment with LMS in the second group resulted in a most extended survial period and a tumor-free survivor, compared with control and third group. In experiment II, sterile saline was injected s.c. in the gluteal region every other day 10 times from the day the hepatoma cells were inoculated as a control group. LMS was injected s.c. in the same region every other day 10 times from 0, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days after hepatoma cells inoculation. In the fourth group injected 10 days after tumor inoculation, treatment with LMS resulted in a most extended survival period and two tumorfree survivors. These experiments demonstrated that the effect of LMS was different according to the administration time under this dose and LMS prevented tumors from growing when it was used in mice bearing moderately grown tumors. LMS did not apear to posses any significant antitumor effect in both cases (mammary cancer and hepatoma), when it was used in early or far advanced stage. This suggests that LMS has no antitumor effect when cell-mediated immunity is within normal limit, and that LMS has remarkable effect as a cancer immunotherapy when cell-mediated immunity comes to be depressed. So, it can be said that LMS may be immuno-normalizer rather than immuno-potentiator, because LMS is effective in moderately advanced stage of cancer, compared with other immuno-therapeutic agents which are more effective in early stage.

抄録全体を表示

The present study investigated the possibility of clinical application of somatosensory cerebral evoked response (SER) in the diagnosis of the site and level of various neural lesions (peripheral and central). SERs were recorded from the hand-sensory area of the scalp by electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist and an averaging procedure (digital computer). The study group comprised 43 healthy subjects and 267 patients clinically having the following neural lesions: peripheral nerve lesion (50 patients); cervical nerve root lesion (17); spinal cord lesion (52); brain stem/cerebellum lesion (33); internal capsule/thalamus/basal ganglia lesion (53); frontal cortex lesion (14); frontopariental cortex lesion (33); or parieto-temporal cortex lesion (25).
Abnormal SER wave patterns were classified into 11 types by comparison with both normal SER patterns obtained from the healthy subjects and the clinical diagnoses. The results were as follows:
1. Normal SER waves always consisted of a pattern of 5 peaks (3 negative and 2 positive: N1, P1, N2, P2, N3). 2. Abnormal SER wave patterns were classified into 11 types (author's classification): “Type A”, prolonged latency of N1; “Type B”, low amplitude of all peaks; “Type C”, flat pattern without peaks; “Type Da”, lack of N1; “Type Db”, N1 present but other waves absent; “Type Dc”, N2 absent; “Type Dd”, high amplitude of N2; “Type De”, high amplitude of N3; “Type Df”, high amplitude of N1; “Type Ea”, unilateral high amplitude of all peaks; and “Type Eb”, high amplitude of all peaks bilaterally. 3. In peripheral nerve, cervical nerve root or spinal cord lesions, SERs were usually Type A, B, or C and reflected the degree of sensory impairment. SERs showed little variation in patients having motor nerve impairment only. In internal capsule/thalamus/basal ganglia lesions, SERs were usually Type B or C. In contrast to the results for peripheral nerve lesions, this was true not only in patients with sensory impairments but also in those who had motor impairment only. Type De was detected in some patients with motor impairment only. Such variations in the SER pattern seemed to be derived from the site and grade of lesion. In cortex lesions, SER often showed Type Dc, De, or Ea unrelated to whether the impairment was sensory or motor in nature. Type Dc was characteristic of lesions associated with the motor cortex, implying that this area was the origin of the N2 peak. 4. Abnormal SERs were detected in 58.8% of all the 267 patients. 46.9% of patients with motor impairment only and 77.5% of patients with more than moderate sensory impairment had abnormal SERs. 5. The origins of the components of the SER pattern were thought to be as follows: N1 and P1, direct primary response to the stimulus via the specific sensory projection system; N2 and P2, association areas near the sensory-motor cortex; the late component N3, non-specific sensory projection system.
These results for SERs suggest that clinical application of the SER may prove extremely useful in diagnosing the site and level of neural lesions.

抄録全体を表示

The clinical significance of biliary bile acids and bilirubin concentration in liver diseases was investigated. The relations among bile acids, bilirubins and liver function tests including liver biopsy were studied. The conditions of bile acid measurement by Weber were also criticized. The following results were obtained.
1) Weber's method for bile acid measurements was modified, that is; the concentration of hydrazine hydrate from 3.2% to 5% and NAD from 6.8 mM to 5 mM; then higher extinction coefficients were obtained and the method was adequate for assay of bile acids.
2) The concentration of bile acid correlated with that of bilirubin and of ester-form bilirubin. The molar ratio of glucuronic acid to ester-form bilirubin (MR) correlated with the ratio of glycine conjugated to taurine conjugated bile acid (G/T), with glycocholic acid fraction and with the taurocholic acid fraction. This suggests that the abilities of conjugation of glucuronic acid to bilirubin and of glycine and taurine to bile acid were damaged at similar levels.
3) The ratios of G/T, glycocholic acid to taurocholic acid and glycodihydroxy bile acid to taurodihydroxy bile acid in liver diseases were lower than in healthy subjects. The ratio of trihydroxy bile acid to dihydroxy bile acid (tri/di) in its glycine conjugated form was not significantly altered, but that in taurine conjugated form was elevated in liver diseases, suggesting that the metabolism of bile acid was damaged not only in the glycine conjugated form but also in the taurine conjugated form. The ratio of G/T in the group of cholecystopathy was lower than that of healthy subjects.
4) The ratio of G/T and glycocholic acid fraction correlated with GOT and GPT. The G/T ratio correlated with ZTT and hyppuric acid synthesis test. The low G/T ratio and MR suggested liver cell damage.
5) Many cases with low G/T ratios showed liver cell necrosis and hyperplasia and proliferation of Kupffer cell in liver biopsy specimens. The G/T ratios correlated with the appearance of regeneration of liver cells. These results suggested a significant correlation between the G/T ratio and liver function tests.

抄録全体を表示

Serum bile acids and bilirubins from patients with icteric liver diseases were fractionated and measured. The results were compared with non-specific liver function tests and liver biopsy specimens wherever possible. The degree of alteration in bile acids and bilirubin metabolism was related to the stage and/or type of liver disease. The method of serum bile acid measurement by Weber was also assessed. The results were as follows:
1) In Weber's method, methanol is in the liquid phase; however, this decreased the activity of 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, so methanol was ommitted from the system. Sodium lauryl sulfate was ommitted also, because of its high fluorescence intensity.
2) The concentrations of total, non-sulfate & sulfate conjugated and glycodihydroxy bile acid were correlated with the concentrations of total, salt-form and ester-form bilirubin, and the molar ratio of glucuronic acid to ester-form bilirubin. Free bile acid did not correlate with indirect bilirubin. There was some difference in the correlation between bile acid fractions and bilirubin fractions. These results showed that the disturbance was of both bile acid metabolism and bilirubin metabolism in icteric liver disease, but that the degree was different.
3) The concentration of sulfate conjugated bile acid correlated well with alkaline phosphatase activity and cholesterol.
4) The ratio of free bile acid to total bile acid was lower in extrahepatic cholestasis than in intrahepatic cholestasis, but not to a significant degree. From bile acid fractions, there was no obvious difference between extrahepatic cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis.
5) In histological findings, many cases with elevated total bile acid showed liver cell necrosis and hyperplasia of Kupffer cells. There was no correlation between the histological findings and the concentration of total, sulfate conjugated, or free bile acid.

抄録全体を表示

Twenty-three dogs were used for this study of cardiac mecanical efficiency. Seventeen point eight % (mean) of the artificially infarcted myocardium of the left ventricle were resected and sutured. The dogs were classified into two groups (5 effective, 5 noneffective). It was designated that the effective group showed no remarkable changes in left ventricular pressure (LVP), three hours after the infarctectomy in comparison with 30 minutes after infarctectomy, while the noneffective group showed a marked decrease. The datum in each experimental and operative stage was scored with the ratio to 100% in control stage (intact stage). After infarctectomy, percentages to control values of stroke volume and stroke work were significantly lower than those of TTI and dp/dt/P₅₀, which are generally admitted to be correlative to the myocardial oxygen consumption volume. This phenomenon was especially noted in the noneffective group. These facts would show that cardiac mechanical efficiencies differed in the two groups. Several parameters of the cardiac mechanical efficiency has been provided by the author.
i) SW/TTI, ii) SW/(TTI·SV), [=(MEAOP-LVEDP)/TTI], (MEAOP: mean aortic pressure in ejection time, LVEDP: left ventricular enddiastolic pressure), iii) SW/(LVEDP·SV), [=(MEAOP-LVEDP)/LVEDP], iv) ETCI·SW/(TTI·SV), [=ET_CI·(MEAOP-LVEDP)/TTI, (ET_CI: ejection time)].
The iv) parameter represents the ratio of impulse (force×time), which was calculated by using the cardiovascular formula of energy: W_P=P(t)·Q(t)dt in both the numerator and the denominator. SW=fP(t)·ΔQ_Adt=ΔQ_A·fP(t)dt=ΔQ_A·TTI_AOP, fP(t)·ΔQ_Vdt=ΔQ_V·fP(t)dt=ΔQ_V·TTI_LVP, fP(t)·ΔQ_Adt/fP(t)·ΔQ_Vdt=(ΔQ_A/ΔQ_V) (TTI_AOP/TTI_LVP), (ΔQ_A: mean ejection volume, ΔQ_V: mean LV volume, during one beat).
Therefore, assuming that ΔQ_A/ΔQ_V=K (constant): if an individual and physiological condition of heart, for instance, as the value of ejection fraction is constant, then, the iv) parameter represents the ratio of energy-the cardiac mechanical efficiency.
Circulating blood volume had less influence upon these parameters of efficiency than upon SV and SW. When SV and SW showed significant depression after infarctectomy also in the effective group, these parameters of efficiency showed no remarkable change in the effective group, but these parameters of efficiency showed significant difference between the effective group and the noneffective group.
Judging the results of the various data of parameters, it was considered that the hearts were overworking also in the effective group, and these cardiac mechanical efficiencies decreased in the noneffective group, moreover, the hearts of those group fell into decompensation.
The prognosis was poor in the case in which cardiac mechanical efficiency decreased when cardiac work was relatively increased by infarctectomy, and suture; and the improvement of the efficiency for the heart would be necessary.
Therefore parameter i), ii), iii) and iv) may be valuable indicators of the cardiac mechanical efficiency, as far as TTI correlates with myocardial oxygen consumption volume.

抄録全体を表示

The initial stages of cellular and lymphatic invasion were studied in experimental carcinomas of rat-stomach induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In initial invasion, lack of the basement membrane and cytoplasmic projections into the adjacent connective tissues was observed. The mode of penetration of cytoplasmic protrusion into the stroma was also studied in cases of benign cells. As a result, invasion by carcinoma cells was thought to occur with its ameboid and proteolytic enzymic action against the surrounding tissues. The invasive mode into the lymphatic vessels was divided into the following 2 types; a destructive invasion type, and an endothelium type. It was interesting that differentiation and cellular adhensiveness of carcinoma cells was less in the course of invading into the lymphatic wall, but rose after that.

抄録全体を表示

Macrophage localization in the site of immune response has been investigated using antimacrophage antibody. Specificity of the anti-macrophage sera reported so far has not always been critically evaluated. In the present work, rabbit anti-guinea pig peritoneal macrophage serum (AMS) which reacts specifically with guinea pig macrophages has been successfully prepared by extensive absorptions with various tissues, such as red blood cells, spleen nonadherent cells and kidney homogenate. Specificity of AMS was examined by an immunofluorescent technique and by immunodiffusion. Macrophage specific antigens were analyzed by the sucrose gradient technique. For these, macrophages were fractionated into crude nuclear fraction (M1), crude mitochondrial fraction (M3), crude microsomal fraction (M5) and their supernatants (M4). Each of these fractions was tested by immunodiffusion against AMS with and without absorptions. AMS without absorptions revealed numerous precipitine lines against M1, M3, M4, M5. In contrast, AMS with absorptions showed only one fused precipitin line against M3 and M5. These data, therefore, strongly suggested that the absobed AMS retained antibodies directed at macrophage specific antigens localized in part in the crude mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Using this specifically prepared AMS, the distributions of macrophages in the site of skin delayed hypersensitivity has also been investigated.

抄録全体を表示

A cultured human monocytic leukemia cell line, J-III, was used to make heterologous antiserum against human peripheral monocyte surface antigens. To eliminate non-specific antibodies, this antiserum was extensively absorbed with human erythrocytes, neutrophils, nonglass adherent mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes) and fetal kidney homogenate. The absorbed serum showed high specificity against human peripheral monocytes, suggesting the presence of similar antigenic determinants on J-III cells and human monocytes. Using this purified serum, an immunofluorescent technique was used to demonstrate macrophages in the site of pathology in various immunological diseases. In synovial tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, positively stained cells were observed in the center and surrounding area of the germinal center. Small numbers of positive cells had also infiltrated around small vessels. Mesangial cells of renal biopsy specimens from patients with SLE were not stained. In Sjögren's disease, salivary glands showed granulomatous change, in which small numbers of diffusely scattered positive cells were observed. Similar changes were seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Patients with Behcet's disease showed only a few positive cells in the site of erythema nodosum. There were a small number of infiltrated positive cells in biopsied skin at the site of a positive tuberculin reaction.

抄録全体を表示

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), T-cell stimulator, concanavalin A (ConA), stimulator upon various T-cell subjects, Pokeweed mitogen (PWM), T-cell stimulator and partial B-cell stimulator, and lypopolysaccharide (LPS), B-cell stimulator in animals, were applied to patients with cancer of advanced stage. The changes in blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after operation or administration of levamisole (immunostimulator) and effectiveness of levamisole were studied. The postoperative changes in relative values of ConA/PHA, PWM/PHA, were also examined. The results were as follows: 1. Blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes against PHA, ConA and PWM decreased, paralleling progress of cancer. 2. LPS-blastogenesis was different from the above mentioned 3 kinds of mitogen but it also decreased with progress of cancer. 3. In curative resection, the order of the value in blastogenesis was PHA>ConA>PWM>LPS. In non-resected cases, it was ConA>PWM>PHA>LPS. When the value of ConA/PHA, or PWM/PHA was greater than 1, the prognosis were worse. 4. In cases who received levamisole, the decrease in blastogenesis of lymphocytes against each mitogen did not in blastogenesis of lymphocytes against each mitogen did not occur. 5. Each mitogen was thought to react upon various subjects of lymphocytes which did not overlap with each other.

抄録全体を表示

Stimulation of human peripheral granulocytes by concanavalin A and cytochalasin D results in superoxide (O^-₂) generation, which has an important role in the bactericidal activity of these cells. In this study, the O^-₂ generation of granulocytes obtained from eighteen normal subjects as controls and from forty-eight diabetics was assessed. In controls, O^-₂ generation was 6.03±1.31 (mean±SD) n mole per minute per 10⁶ cells and in diabetics, 4.33±2.13 which was significantly lower than controls (p<0.001).
According to fasting glucose level (FBS), diabetic subjects were classified into three subgroups; well (FBS≤140 mg per 100 ml), fair (140<FBS<200) and poor (FBS≥200). These groups generated O^-₂ of 4.97±1.94 (n=22, p<0.05), 3.86±1.83 (n=14, p<0.001), 3.30±1.70 (n=12, p<0.001) respectively. In order to examine the influence of hyperglycemia on O^-₂ generation, various concentrations of glucose were added to the raction media before stimulating the granulocytes with concanavalin A and cytochalasin D. Higher concentrations of added glucose gave lower values for O^-₂ generated. These findings suggest that granulocytes of diabetics per se, have impaired O^-₂ generation and that coexisting hyperglycemia compromises this generation further.

抄録全体を表示

Lipoperoxide production by human monocytes was assessed during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles. In this study, determination of lipoperoxides was performed by a fluorometric method coupled with solubilization of monocytes with sodium dodecylsulfate. Lipoperoxide production of monocytes was significantly lower in diabetic subjects than in normal subjects. Lipoperoxides are reported to have bactericidal activity and these results may indicate impaired bactericidal function of monocytes in diabetic patients.

抄録全体を表示

Fine morphological changes in blood basophils were examined in 3 healthy controls and 8 atopic asthmatics --- 4 buckwheat allergy patients and 4 mite allergy patients --- by scanning electron microscopy after they had been exposed to specific antigens.
The results were as follows.
1) Observation on cell morphology showed 3 different types of basophils; A) Spherical-shaped basophils with short microvilli, B) Pear-shaped basophils with extended flag-like pseudopodia, C) ‘Swollen’ type basophils over glass-plates.
2) Investigations on surface structures demonstrated 3 different changes: a) Hemispheric projections or spindle-shaped processes on the cell surface, b) Irregular shaped pores among short rod-shaped microvilli, c) Ruptured cell membranes in marked swollen basophils.
3) Basophils in healthy controls did not show any changes of surface structures and were spherical when P. S. S., buckwheat and mite extracts were added. Similar results were obtained with basophils from atopic patients when P. S. S. were added.
4) Basophils from atopic patients, or basophils from healthy controls after passively sensitized with IgE rich serum, were pear-shaped or ‘swollen’ with surface structural changes.

抄録全体を表示

Morphological change of blood basophils were investigated in 3 healthy controls, 4 atopic and 4 intractable asthmatics by scanning electron microscopy after they had been exposed to anti-human IgE or anti-human IgG. Most of the basophils from healthy controls, atopic and intractable asthmatics challenged with physiological saline solution (P. S. S.) were spherical-shaped. Basophils from atopic asthmatics, or basophils from healthy controls and intractable asthmatics after passively sensitized with IgE rich serum, were pear-shaped or ‘swollen’ when challenged with anti-IgE. In such conditions some basophils showed surface structural changes such as hemispheric projections, pore formation or ruptured cell membrane. Basophils from intractable asthmatics tended to be pear-shaped or ‘swollen’ and also showed surface structural changes as mentioned above when anti-IgG was added. The results show that not only IgE but also IgG may participate in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, especially of intractable asthma.

抄録全体を表示

In order to study the process of cell division in Staphylococcus aureus which usually forms irregular cell clusters, a mutant which forms regularly arranged cell packets was isolated. The morphological characteristics of this mutant were studied by electron microscopy.
The packets of this mutant were made by the appearance of thickened cell wall like substance which surrounded a group of cells. The formation of regularly arranged cell packets originated in the disturbance of cell segregation.

抄録全体を表示

RNA was synthesized with isolated rat liver nuclei. Fingerprint analysis of in vitro synthesized 5S RNA, which was slightly larger than mature 5S RNA on gel, showed that it contained all the sequence of mature 5S RNA and an additional sequence of about 8 nucleotides at its 3'-terminal site. The same molecule was also demonstrated in vivo by a pulse-chase experiment, suggesting that 5S RNA is synthesized in vivo as the larger precursor such as demonstrated in the in vitro system.

抄録全体を表示

It has been difficult to detect IgG-rheumatoid factor (IgG-RF) by hemagglutination procedures. This difficulty was thought to be due to the size of IgG-RF being too small to break Z-potential on the red blood cell surface. Therefore, a new method for detection of IgG-RF in sera was devised using sheep red blood cells sensitized with rabbit gammaglobulin, and antihuman IgG antibody. Fundamental experiments were performed. The treatment of a few kinds of 19S-IgM hemagglutinins, i.e., heterophile antibody, anti-B antibody, cold agglutinin and IgM-RF with 2-ME reduced hemagglutination activity. Furthermore, the addition of anti-IgM antibody restored that activity. These observations suggest that IgG-RF alone does not agglutinate sensitized sheep red blood cells, but that it might agglutinate them in the presence of anti-IgG antibody.

抄録全体を表示

IgG-rheumatoid factor (IgG-RF) was detected in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with a new method using sheep red blood cells sensitized with rabbit gammaglobulin, and antihuman IgG antibody. IgG-RF was positive in 15 of 50 SLE patients (30%) but the hemagglutination titer of IgG-RF was lower than 1:1024. The presence of IgG-RF did not correlate with any pattern of antinuclear factors, anti-DNA antibody titer, serum complement level, anticomplementary activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, gammaglobulin level or clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that IgG-RF may be a result of the immune reaction in SLE rather than a pathogenic factor.

抄録全体を表示