In this paper, the biological toxicity of Mamushi- snake venom and morphological changes caused by the venom are described.
1. LD50. of the venom to ddN male mice weighing 17to 20g. are 19-23γ intravenously, 27-31γ intraperitoneally and 97-118γ intramuscularly.
2. Haemorrhagic action is recognized even in 0.08 γ per 0. 1ml. of the venom, Out of four kinds of land-inhabiting snake-Mamushi -snake venom, Habu-snake venom and Sakishi mahabusnake venom-Mamushi snake venom has the strongest haemorrhagic activity.
3. The haemorrhagic and myolytic action are influenced by pH.
4. The haemorrhagic and lethal activity are inactivated by heating at 70°C for 5 minutes or at 100°C for 1 minute.
5. In mice, and guinea pigs, morphological changes caused by Mamushi-snake venom are as follow.
in mice, inoculated with the venom intravenously, intraperitoneally or intramuscularly, haemorrhagic lesions in the injected portion and degenerative and necrotic lesions in the parenchymal organs are common findings.
In guinea pigs, inoculated intramuscularly, morphological changes are haemorrhage and coagulations-necrosis at the inoculated portion, and degenerative and necrotic lesions in the parenchymal organs. Further, adrenal glands, liver, thymus, lymphnodes and spleen present reactive changes probably due to stressor.
As above montioned, Mamushi snake venom has lethal, haemorrhagic and myonecrotic action. Furthermore it is morphologically considered to have action as stressor.

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1. The enzyme preparations derived from pig and human livers, acting on human blood group A substance and A red cells, destroyed their A activities with enhancement of O (H) activities. In these cases, these enzyme preparations showedtoliberate N-acetylgalactosamine, determinant of A specificity, from them. From these results, A-decomposing enzymes presented here were considered to be consisted of α-N-acetylgalact osam inidase.
2. After the complete destruction of A activity in A substance by pig and human liver enzymes, about 20% of the original quantities of N-acetylgalactosamine were liberated by the former and about 16% by the latter. N-Acetylglucosamine, galactose and small amounts of fucose were also shown to be liberated by both enzymes.
3. These enzyme preparations contained, besides α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, α-and β-glucosidases (β-glucosidase was weak in the enzyme preparation from human liver.), α-and β-galactosidases, α-andβ-mannosidases, α-L-fucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosami nidaseand β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase.
However, these enzyme preparations destroyed hardly B activity in B substance and O (H) activity in O (H) substance.

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1) Tumefactions in the site of the mandibular molar of a 6-month male infant and in th gingiva of the right and left mandibular molar of 4 month and 1-month famale infants were diagnosed as congenital epulis since they were found at birth.
2) From 2 of these 3 cases, tissue samples were taken for histological investigation. One presented the picture of the osseofibrous epulis, and the other the fibromatous tissue structure.
They ran satisfactory courses, without relapse and metastasis.

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Quite a few reports have been published on premenstrual exacerbation of bronchial asthma, but its mechanism has not yet fully understood. The work reported here is the first designed to elucidate the mechanism of premenstrual exacerbation of bronchial asthma.
1. Observations on the relationship between asthmatic attack and menstrual cycle revealed that 66 out of 102 cases with bronchial asthma had premenstrual exacerbation. Premenstrual and/or menstrual symptoms such as lower abdominal pain, headache, mastalgia, acne and mental distress were observed more freqently in those with premenstrual asthmatic attack tnan in those without. In some cases, exacerbation of asthma was noticed after oophorectomy, whereas in 9 cases, cessation of asthamtic attack was noticed during amenorrhea ranging from 3 months to 2 years.
2. Examining the basal body temperature curves obtained by the female asthmatics, premenstrual exacerbation was noticed in 115 out of 135 ovulatory cycles and in 25 out of 33 cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency but only in 13 out of 49 anovulatory cycles. Asthmatic exacerbation in ovulatory cycle occurred on 9 to 10 days before mestruation and that in the cycle with corpus luteum insufficiency occurred on 6 to 7 dyas before menstruation, whereas that in anovulatory cycle occurred just before and during menstiuation.
3. The effect of suppression of ovulation by combined or sequential oral steroids were observed on asthmatic patients with cyclical exacerbation of asthma and with successive biphasic basal body temperature patterns. Marked improvement was noticed in 21 out of 24 cycles by sequential method and in 38 out of 42 cycles by combined method. But after cessation of the treatment premenstrual exacerbation of asthma recurred, with occurrence of ovulation.
4. These findings suggest that the effect of progesterone and/or withdrawal of estrogen cause the exacerbation of asthma. Anyhow, it is evident that ovarian hormones have a great influence on asthma and there are at least two possibilities as regards the nechanism with which ovarian hormones give rise to exacerbation of asthma.

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During the past ten years, electrophysiological studies on the peripheral olfactory nervous systems have been advanced by several investigators. Among them, however, only a few experiments are concerned wirh the mammalian olfaction. The present works were undertaken to study the electrical activity of the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, and of the single olfactory receptor cell in the guinea pig. Odors used in this experiment were selected from Amoore's classification table (1962). The following results were obtained :
1. The olfactory nerve responses of the guinea pigs are bigger to putrid and ethereal odors than to floral and musky ones.
2. When compared among many separated olfactory nerve twigs of the guinea pigs, the responses showed striking difference in magnitude depending upon the odorous substances used. Similar differences were already found among the kinds of animals (Shibuya, 1967). It was inferred that these two, differences in the magnitude of the response are due to the uneven distribution in the olfactory epithelium of the olfactory cells which have different selective sensitivity to various odours,
3. This concept was supported by a more direct experimental fisnding by a microelectrode that there exstas an olfactory cell which has sensitivity to amyl acetate, but not to menthone,
4. It was found that the magniutde of the olfactory nerve response declined initially during repeatcd stimulation but then it usually remained beyond a level, bigger than about 50% of the original one. The finding indicates that a greater part of the olfactory fatigue may occur in the central nervous system.
5. Response patterns of the olfactory nerve twigs werc different to different odours.
6. It was shown that the trigeminal nerve distributed in the nasal cavity has good sensistivity to many kinds of odors. Therefore, it is suggested that the trigeminal nerve plays an important role in the olfactory sensation.

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Surveys of staphylococcal strains, isolated from clinical sources in geographically scattered hosoitals in Japan, disclosed the following facts :
1) Triple and quadruple resistant strains with reference to TC, SM, PC and SA, were manifest and they were restricted to specific phage group.
2) There are two txypes of resistant strains : the first becomes resistant easily and consequently multiple resistance when a new drug is introduced, and consists largely of strains in phage group 1 containing phage type 80 81. The second type remains single (SA) or double (PC. SA; SM. SA) resistant, and consists primarily of strains in group II and III.
Naturally occurring strains of staphylococci which are resistant to chloramphenicol (CM) inactivate this antibiotic. One of the inactivation products of CM showed the chormatographic behavior of 3-acetoxychloramohenicol. Induction of resistance occurred after prior exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic. The resistance of induced populations, as well as CM-inactivation ability, was decreased when they were grown in CM-free medium.

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