Effects of aldosterone and puromycin, alone or in combination, on kidney carbonic anhydrase and ATPase activities and/or urinary excretion of sodium were investigated using adrenalectomized and normal mice to clarify the significance of above enzymes in induction hypothesis of aldosterone.
1. In adrenalectomized mice, puromycin had no effect on the activities of kidney carbonic anhydrase and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and on urinary excretion of ²²Na.
2. Combined administration of puromycin with aldosterone inhibited both the elevation of kidney carbonic anhydrase activity and decrease of urinary excretion of ²²Na induced by aldosterone alone, whereas Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity had no relation with puromycin.
3. Time-course of effect of puromycin was examined in normal mice. Puromycin (1-125 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited kidney carbonic anhydrase activity and its maximum effect was observed at 4 hr after injection without any alterations in Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity.
In conclusion, the elevation of kidney carbonic anhydrase activity by aldosterone in adrenalectomized mice may be due to the increased synthesis of this enzyme, which may have a correlation with aldosterone-induced decrease of urinary excretion of sodium.

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Effects of cycloheximide and aldosterone, alone or in combination, on kidney, liver and blood carbonic anhydrase activity, kidney Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and on urinary excretion of sodium were investigated using normal and adrenalectomized mice to clarify the significance of above enzymes as a mediator of action of aldosterone on sodium excretion.
1. In normal mice, cycloheximide decreased kidney and blood carbonic anhydrase activity. The inhibition rates are parallel with the increase of doses and the maximum effect was observed at 4 hr after treatment. Liver carbonic anhydrase and kidney ATPase activities were not affected by cycloheximide.
2. In adrenalectomized mice, combined administration of cycloheximide inhibited the aldosterone-induced increase of kidney carbonic anhydrase activity and decrease of urinary excretion of ²²Na. Kidney ATPase activity was unaltered in above condition.
3. In adrenalectomized mice, single injection of cycloheximide did not affect the enzyme activity and sodium excretion.

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To elucidate the ultrastructural organization of the tracheal epithelium and especially the fine structure of the non-ciliated cells (brush cells), the electron microscope observations were carried out. Many rats in the postnatal developmental stages and adult ones were used in this study. The tracheal epithelium of the rats is composed of a simple columnar or a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, and it contains four distinct types of cells; ciliated cells, mucous cells (goblet cells), basal cells, and non-ciliated cells (brush cells). The ciliated cell has a clear cytoplasm compared with those of the other types of cells and favorable amount of cell organelles. Sometimes, the process of the ciliogenesis can be sproradically seen in the presumably ciliated cells early in the postnatal developmental stages and also in the adult ones. The mucous secretory cells with a fairly dense cytoplasm provided with plenty of rER and other cell organelles are more predominant in number in immature rats. However, there are scarcely seen the mucous cells provided with a typical goblet composed of many secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm. Non-ciliated cells aligned the luminal surface of the tracheal epithelium are divided into two categories, one is the mucous secretory cell and the other is the so-called brush cell provided with the brush border on its luminal surface, and the latter also contains many characteristic granules of small size. Some of these granules contain a dense spherical core, and frequently situate in the basal part or along the lateral cell boundary clustered in small groups. On the other hand, there are frequently observed many naked nerve endings, and most of them contain both small clear vesicles and large cored vesicles, and others contain also small granular vesicles, neurotubules, small mitochondria or scarce glycogen particles. However, no epithelioneural junctions can be discerned between the brush cells and the nerve endings in the epithelium. These findings mentioned above may be probably assumed that the brush cell plays a role of an endocrine function to secret the containing granules into the connective tissue of the tracheal mucous membrance in rats.

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The morphology and the quantitative histology of acute thymic involution were studied in 143 stillborn and liveborn infants. For analysis the thymus was classified histologically into five groups : Group I, II, IIIa, IIIb and IIIc. In the present series of the thymus of 121 infants, excluding anencephaly, 20 cases (16.5%) represented no evidence of involution (Group I), 62 (51.2%) corresponded with early active or regenerative phase of involution (Group II), 9 (7.4%) middle and late active phase of involution (Group IIIa), 11 (9.1%) well-advanced involution (Group IIIb), and 19 (15.8%) complete involution (Group IIIc). This result was correlated with that of the quantitative histology, that is, thymus weight, cortico-medullary size ratio, population of lymphocyte in both cortex and medulla, and the number of Hassall's corpuscles.
Microscopically initial changes of involution, which were the appearance of pyknotic lymphocytes singly and in cluster predominantly in the cortex, were recognized as early as 4 hours to 12 hours after the onset of illness. The involution progressed rapidly from the second day of illness. The reduction of the thymus weight was significantly commenced on the second to the third day of illness and was registered maximal by 7th to 14th day. When a disease lasted for 7 days or more, most of the thymus involuted progressively. The regeneration of the involuted thymus was evidenced in several specimens of Group II with a long duration of illness. In almost every illness and also in starvation there was variable degree of involution of the thymus. Hypoxia, birth injury, surgical treatment and malnutrition caused mild involution, but when some of these stresses acted simultaneously on, the thymus was occured the severe degree of involution. Neonatal jaundice, prenuturity jaundice, biliary atresias, starvation, and infection produced severe involution. In neonatal and prenuturity jaundice the thymus was noted severe involution within a short duration of illness. This seems to result from delayed development of hepatic function. The infectious disease caused typical involution; increase in number of the tingible body macrophages and Hassall's corpuscles, hypertrophied and proliferated epithelial reticulum cells. This morphologic changes appear to suggest the thymus participates in immunological response to the infection.

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The ultrasonic diagnosis of the breast diseases, particularly the differential diagnosis for breast carcinoma and benign tumors, has been carried out by the sensitivity graded method of ultrasonotomography.
In the present studies, four experiments were performed using fresh surgical specimens of breast tumors, for the purpose of revealing ultrasonic characteristics of breast tumor tissue and of improvement of ultrasonic diagnosis for breast diseases.
The following results were obtained :
1) Experiment 1 : The instrument to measure attenuation constant of breast tumor tissue was contrived by the auther. As the results of the experiment breast cancer, expecially scirrhous carcinoma, showed the highest attenuation constant of tumor tissue, and sarcoma, fibroadenoma and cyst were followed.
2) Experiment 2 : Ultrasonic attenuation of breast tumor was investigated experimentally by the sensitivity graded ultrasonotomography with fresh surgical specimens of breast tumors. In this experiment ultrasonic attenuation of the tumor was measured as value in decibel when defect of back echo of the tumor begins and when it completes, and also measured decibel differences at the two different points between beginning of side echo of the tumor and of back echo. Grade of attenuation was greater in breast carcinoma, especially scirrhous carcinoma, than in benign tumors.
3) Experiment 3 : Strength of internal echoes of breast tumors was investigated experimentally using fresh surgical specimens. Breast carcinoma showed stronger internal echoes than fibroadenoma, and cyst the poorest internal echoes.
4) Experiment 4 : The boundary echo of each tumors was observed according to size of tumor using the fresh surgical specimens.
5) Our criteria for interpretation of ultrasonogram (sensitivity graded method) was proposed by reference to the results of the above experiments.
6) Apart from the above (5), four different echo patterns (Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) of the conglomerated type and two patterns (IIIa and IIIb) of the mixed type were classified for pattern diagnosis.

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1) The family cases of blood group B variants, B_wand B_m have been found. Red cells of all B variants were not agglutinated by anti-B sera. B antigens of the red cells were detected by absorption and elution test. Group A₁B_w propositus secretes a little B substance in saliva, while group A₁B_m propositus and family members of group A₁B_m and B_m secrete normal amounts of B substances in salivas.
2) Salivas from group B secretor or non-secretor, acting on O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose, each converted them into B active cells, which were agglutinated against anti-B human serum (1 : 512) at the titer of 32-folds, while secretor or non-secretor group AB salivas converted O red cells into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1 : 512) at the titer of 8- to 16 folds. The results indicate that α-galactosyltransferases which participate in the biosynthesis of group B substance are secreted in group B or AB salivas of both secretor and non-secretor types.
3) Agglutinabilities of enzymatically converted B active red cells against anti-B human serum indicate that α-galactosyltransferase activities of both serum and saliva from group B_wwere lower than those of normal group B.α-galactosyltransferase activities in group B_m sera were lower than those of normal group B, while the enzyme activities in salivas of group B_m were demonstrated to the same degree in normal group B salivas.

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We attempted to determine the mechanism of heterogeneity of thyroid hormone secretion as determined by susceptibility to thyroid proteolysis. Thyroid iodoprotein from rats fed a high-iodine diet (HID) or a low-iodine diet (LID) were labeled with radioiodine in vivo for periods ranging from 4 hr to several days. Standardized aliquots of labeled thyroid homogenates from rats with various treatments were digested for 4 hr with 1% pancreatin or with 0.003% pancreatin after 30 min pretreatment with mercaptoethanol (ME).
Four hr labeled iodoprotein from HID and LID rats was equally susceptible to digestion with 1% pancreatin. However, such iodoprotein from LID rats was more susceptible to digestion with ME than that from HID rats. There was a progressive rise in the resistance to digestion in iodoprotein from HID, but only a slight increase in resistance in iodoprotein from HID rats, with increasing intervals up to 7 days. No change in the susceptibility to digestion of thyroid iodoprotein with time after labeling was seen in hypohysectomized LID rats in which thyroid secretion is known to proceed at an extremely slow rate.
The data presented indicate that there are at least two types of iodinated thyroglobulin in the rat thyroid. One is readily susceptible to digestion and has a rapid turnover in the thyroid. The other is more resistant to digestion and as a slow rate of turnover.

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