The fine structure and distribution of the cell junctions in guinea pig liver were examined with both the freeze fracture replicas and the conventional method. To investigate the functional and the morphological changes of the junctions, common hepatic duct of guinea pig was ligated to make the mechanical obstruction and in some cases, the ducts were released by canalization with the cannula and then followed by the examination at sequential intervals. For further speculation on the tissue reaction against the experimental condition, cholecystectomy was performed on some animals.
Junctional complexes were precisely examined in the stages of distruction and reconstruction, and the mechanical process to cause the jaundice was analyzed in relation with morphological changes both of the tight and gap junctions due to the biliary obstruction. In experimented animals, “particle aggregations” were frequently observed in the vicinity of the cell junction. These aggregations were presumably concerned to play an important role for the junctional complex formation.
Therefore, they are called “reserve aggregate” in this paper for their morphological and functional significances. The reserve aggregate was also tentatively concerned as the junctional characteristics of luminal surface of the cells. Such particle aggregates were examined by both freeze fracture replicas and thin sections, and revealed that the particles closely resembled the elemental particles of the tight junction, and not those of the gap junction.
Tight junctions were fully reconstructed within a few hours, which fact is somewhat contrary some previous reports. Gap junctions may fully and rapidly move within the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane when two cells are adjoining each other, but while being separated, they seem to disperse more suddenly in each cell membrane, associated with delayed reconstruction of the gap junction after the recanalization experiment.
Two months after cholecystectomy the livers show no particular changes other than slight ductal cholestasis. These morphological features coincide with the results of biochemical examination of the serum bilirubin levels of the guinea pigs.

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The relationships among blood pressure (BP) and age, stature and bodily types (obese or slender) in children, aged 6 to 14 years, were studied with the total number of 1, 953 boys and girls of an elementary and a lower secondary school of T City of Gunma Prefecture. The results were as follows :
1) The mean value of BP (both systolic and diastolic) for each sex group tended to rise with aging. The rising tendency of systolic pressure (SP) was relatively slow in boys until they reached at the age of 6 to 11 years. After this period, rising tendency of the value of SP continued more evidently until 14 years of age. At the period of 6 to 9 years of age, the value of BP of the girls was lower than that of boys. Abrupt elevation of BP among 10 years old girls was observed giving higher value than that of boys. This upward tendency of the elevation of BP continued until 13 years of age. At 14 years of age, the mean value of BP of the girls again showed lower value than that of boys, even though it was still in rising tendency.
2) The mean value of BP in the group of children of each age, both males and females, tended to rise with the increase in the height of the stature.
3) The mean value of BP in the group of children of the same stature, both males and females, also tended to rise with the increase in the value of Rohrer's index.
4) As for the correlation among BP and four items examined (age, stature, Rohrer's index and skinfold thickness), stature and Rohrer's index had a partial correlation with positive coefficients ranging from 0.2 to 0.3. Age and skinfold thickness showed no partial correlation. In the females, aged 10 to 14 years, nearly in the age of puberty, however, skinfold thickness and age were partially correlated with BP giving a positive coefficients.

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As a method to make clear the reason why congenital dislocation of the hip is found more frequently in females than males, the differeences of the shapes of the pelves between male and female infants were investigated roentgenographically.
Following measurements were taken upon the correctly taken X-ray photographs of the pelves of 287 normal male and female infants who were 0 month to 3 years of age, and of 57 dislocated infants of the same ages.
a : The distance between the most outside points of the bilateral ilia.
b : The distance between the most inside points of the bilateral ilia at the Y cartilages.
c : The distance between the most inferior points of the bilateral ilia.
d : The distance between the most outside points of the bilateral ischia.
e : The distance between the most inferior points of the bilateral ilia at the sacro-iliac joints.
f : The distance between the most inferior point of the bilateral ischia.
θ : Acetabular angle (described only in normal infants)
And the ratios : b/a, c/a, d/a, e/a, f /a, f /d, were calculated in each pelvis, and examined the change of the shapes of the pelves during their growth, and also examined the differences between males and females, normal and dislocated infants.
The results obtained were as follows :
1) The sexual differences were found already in the neonatal pelves.
2) Observing a pelvis as a whole, the constriction which occurs around the bilateral hip joints during the growth seems to correspond with the decrease of its acetabular angle.
3) The constriction around the bilateral hip joints, and the rate of the growth between the major and the minor pelvis were distinct sexual differences of the pelvis.
4) In the case of congenital dislocation of the hip, it should seem that even on the male the pelvis showed the similar shape and the process of growth to the female.

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Many authors describe that tenotomy and elongation of the tendons at origin of rectus femoris muscle have caused postoperative recurrence inevitably from rectus type of quadriceps contracture. Therefore, instead of these operations, it is suggested to cut the contracted rectus femoris muscle at both venter and origin or to resect scarred rectus femoris completely. In latter case, whole thigh reveal operative scars exist more largely, and that many problems produce about the functional recovery of muscular strength after operation. However, when we can obtain the method to prevent recurrence by the operation adopted at origin of rectus femoris muscle, it may be effective for the improvement of treatment results of this disease.
Forty-seven limbs in 46 patients who were treated by tenotomy at the origin of rectus femoris muscle were examined to study cause and prevention of postoperative recurrence of the quadriceps muscle according to follow-up for sixteen years.
From the results obtained, it is considered that ;
1) The relationship between the duration of postoperative physiotherapy and recurrence is recognized.
2) Recurrence shows two sort of types, one appears slowly in parellel with the stage of growth at the whole length of lower extremity (A), and the other appears more rapidly (B).
The former does not produce the functional of lower extremity so high, on the contrary, the latter shows remarkable disorders as the state before operation.
3) Postoperative treatment was carried out with using the dynamic brace which is able to release the section of stump, and is able to do muscle strengthening exercise after operation, to examine the relation between postoperative treatment and treatment results. The results obtained as follows ;
(i) All patients who abandoned postoperative treatment within one year after operation recurred and developed again the functional disorder of lower extremity.
(ii) The others who have continued the treatments precisely over two years kept the condition of recurrence slow.
4) The cause of postoperative recurrence might be due to the two factors, which were relative shortening of muscle for femur which was resulted from the delayed growth with scarred muscle and re-contracture of muscle which was produced by re-adhesion between stumps.
The author believes that “A-type” of recurrence is caused by relative shortening, and “B-type” is caused by re-contracture of muscle. Such postoperative recurrence as produces the functional disorders of lower limb is due to the re-contracture of muscle.
5) In case of tenotomy at origin of rectus femoris muscle, the so-called “recurrence” with functional disorder of lower limb can be prevented by postoperative treatment continued over two years after operation.

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Twenty two brains with lacunar softenings in the basal ganglia and thalamus were investigated histologically to clarify arterial changes responsible for the development of lacunar infarction. For this purpose, the entire arteries from the heart to infarcts were examined : Surface involvement of atheromatous lesions in the aortas, common carotid arteries and internal carotid sinuses were studied by the point-counting method, and arterial lesions of cervical parts of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries and cerebral arteries were discovered in the tetralin-cleared specimens under a dissecting microscope to examine histologically.
Fifty-two out of 66 small infarcts investigated were apparently caused by stenotic or obstructive lesions of the intracerebral arteries, which consisted of intracerebral microaneurysms with thrombotic occlusion including nodular fibrotic arterial lesions regarded as organized aneurysms with thrombi (33.3%), fibrocellular intimal thickening (30.9%), intimal lipoidosis (foam-cell accumulation and deposition of ceroid-like substance in the intima, 16.0%), atherosclerosis (11.1%), pseudocalcification with intimal lesions (6.2%) and plasmatic arterionecrosis (2.5%).
Lacunar softeinings in aged cases with hypertension developed sometimes even in regions irrigated by slightly narrowed arteries which were distal from dilated ones caused by atrophy or necrosis of the medial smooth muscle cells.
Severe stenosis of the small perforating arteries at their origin from the major cerebral arteries appeared to be one of the causative factors for lacunar infarcts in cases with bronchopneumonia.
The comparison of atherosclerotic indices of the cervical arteries between cases with large and small infarcts revealed that the former was severer than the latter, especially in the siphons of the internal carotid arteries. The atherosclerotic index of the internal carotid arteries was higher than that of the vertebral arteries in general.
There was no significant difference between atherosclerotic indicies of the aortas in cases with and without lacunar infarcts (age-matched controls), and also between those of the cervical arteries in side with and without the infarcts.
The intracerebral microaneurysms in the latest autopsy cases with small infarcts showed the tendency to increase the formation of thrombi compared with those in 15 years previous cases.
As a conclusion, lesions of the intracerebral arteries seemed to play the most important role in pathogenesis of lacunar infarction in the brain.

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The active abduction movement of the hip joint and the shape of the occiput of 461 newborn infants were observed two or three times within one week after birth.
The range of active abduction movement of the hip joint were normal or within normal in 290 cases (62.9%), slightly limited in 112 cases (24.3%) and severely limited in 8 cases (1.7%). Different range of active abduction movement between right and left was observed in 394 cases (85.5%). Highly significant correlation was found between the side of the hip joint, which showed more limited abduction movement than the other, and the side of flattened occiput, though no correlation was found between the type of delivery and the hip joint movement. In 51 cases, the side of the hip joint with limited abduction movement was changed from right to left or from left to right during one week's observation period.
From the above mentioned results of observation, active motion of the hip joint of newborn infant especially active abduction movement is thought to be much influenced by postural reflex as asymmetric tonic reflex. It is thought that, when newborn infant is forced to face one side for several hours, postural reflex might induce limited active abduction movement of the hip joint, which might induce subluxation of the hip joint which is under lax joint condition.
In auther's opinion, it is one of the important advice for the prophylaxis of the development or formation of congenital dislocation of the hip that the newborn infants should be carefully fostered not to produce the asymmetric deformity of their occiput.

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A Study was conducted on changes in finger temperature in cold load tests of the fingers (immersion of the fingers in 5°C water for 10 minutes) in order to establish a screening level to be used for the early diagnosis of vibratory health hazards.
The materials used for the study were health examination reports of 1, 979 on forestry workers who used vibratory tools (chain saws and bush cleaners). Raynaud's syndrome had been noted in all of the subjects of the study and they were all certified as individuals suffering from vibratory health hazards as well. Thirty-four matched pairs were made up. The pairs were composed by teaming up non-afflicted individuals with the same finger-tip temperature under normal conditions as afflicted individuals with a like number of afflicted individuals of the same age.
The main points of the results obtained are as follows :
1) The findings obtained in studies not using matched pairs, in which it was claimed that there were differences in finger-tip temperatures between afflicted and non-afflicted individuals both during and at the termination of the cold load, were not observed in the studies covered by this report.
2) In a comparison of average values, the finger-tip temperatures at five and 10 minutes after terminating the cold load were higher in the non-afflicted than in the afflicted group (P <0.01).
3) As indices showing the state of restoration of finger-tip temperature after termination of the cold load, the following three items were used : a) degree of recovery (finger-tip temperature five or 10 minutes after termination of the load) - (finger-tip temperature at the termination of the load) : b) recovery rate (finger-tip temperature five or 10 minutes after termination of the load×100/finger-tip temperature under normal conditions), and c) m.r.c. (mean rates of change as given by Askovitz).
In each of these three indices, the cut-off point at which the vibratory health hazards could be detected most effectively was obtained by McNemar's test, while the sensitivity adjudged at the time of the cut-off point (ratio of true sufferers included in those findings were positive in the tests) and specificity (ratio of true non-sufferers included in those whose findings were negative in the tests) were sought. The cut-off points, sensitivity percentages and specificity percentages are shown in the table below. The cut-off points shown in the table comprise the screening level of each of the recovery indices.

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Pacemaker cells of an isolated sinus node of guinea pig were exposed to K-free or ouabain Krebs solution and effects of Ca⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ on the fluctuation potential of the pacemaker cell were examined.
Potentials were recorded by means of a conventional microelectrode technique. The sinus node tissue closed to the crista terminalis was trimmed to 1 × 0.5mm area including the dominant pacemaker cells. The tissue was transported into a bath of 1.0ml capacity filled with the standard Krebs solution saturated with a gas mixture of 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂.
1) When the pacemaker cells were perfused in the K-free or ouabain Krebs solution, they showed the fluctuation potential on depolarizing (under-40mV).
2) The fluctuation potential was increased by application of isoproterenol.
3) The fluctuation potential was decreased in the Ca-free Krebs solution.
4) The fluctuation potential was inhibited by applying the Mn-Krebs solution.
In conclusion these fluctuation potentials would be deprived from Na-Ca exchange when the Na-K pump was depressed by the K-depletion or ouabain application.

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