The distribution of body fluid volumes was studied in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) and one-kidney, one clip hypertension (1K1C) rats (following of nomenclature of American Heart Association). Plasma volume (PV), extracellular fluid volume (ECF) and total body water (TBW) were measured on days 1, 7 and 28 after renal artery stenosis. Body fluid volumes were determined with the isotope dilution mothod : (1) radioiodinated serum albumin for PV : (2) ³⁵SO₄ for ECF : (3) tritiated water for TBW. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were also examined in relation to changes in the fluid distribution. Measurements were performed in conscious state.
The body fluid volumes in 2K1C rats did not differ from those in the sham controls on any experimental day except for a decrease in PV of the clipped rats on day 1. MAP in 2K1C rats increased significantly (p < 0.05) only on day 28. In 1K1C rats, a tendency of an increase in PV and ECF on early days was followed by a significant elevation in ECF on day 28 (p < 0.05). MAP in the clipped rats was higher than that in the controls on days 7 and 28.
In common with 2K1C or 1K1C, there were no significant differences in PRA between the clipped rats and the controls.
These results suggest that : (1) alterations of body fluid volumes may not be involved directly in the development and maintenance of hypertension in 1K1C rats and in 2K1C rats : (2) judging from PRA levels, the renin-angiotensin system may not play a significant role in 1K1C and 2K1C rats.

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Using E. coli cells expressing different levels of tetracycline (TC) resistance. the relationship between the level of TC or minocycline (MINO) resistance and amount of drug accumulation inside the cells was analysed, and the following results were obtained.
1) Highly TC-resistant cells were moderately resistant to MINO and moderately TC-resistant cells were MINO sensitive.
2) For the same external drug concentration of 0.1 μg/ml, which did not inhibit the growth of any experimental cells, the higher the level of resistance to TC or MINO, the lower the accumulation of drug during the initial 30 minutes of incubation. The amount of accumulated TC with highly TC-resistant cells was half of that with TC-sensitive cells.
3) TC-sensitive, moderately TC-resistant, and highly TC-resistant cells could tolerate accumulated inside TC concentrations of 4, 20 and 150 μg/ml, respectively. In the case of MINO, highly TC-resistant cells could tolerate only 15 μg/ml.
4) Even when the inside concentration of TC reached a steady state, significant influx and efflux were still observed. During 30 min, 85% and 70% of accumulated TC was chased in TC-sensitive cells and highly TC-resistant cells, respectively.
5) When cells were simultaneously incubated with labeled TC and MINO, the accumulation of each drug was inhibited, indicating a common site of accumulation. TC had stronger affinity to the site.
Thus the mechanism of TC or MINO resistance involves not only a decreased rate of drug accumulation but also tolerance of the cell to the accumulated drugs. It was also assumed that TC resistance consists of two steps. One common to both TC and MINO, the other specific to TC.

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Sections of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver tissues embedded in plastic from 25 cases of HCC including 20 autopsy and 5 surgical cases were examined for histochemical activity of γGTP, Alp, Acp, β-glucuronidase (βG) and α-naphthylacetate esterase (αN). Activities of CEA, AFP, lysozyme (LZ) and αl-antichymotrypsin (AACT) were also examined for paraffin sections of these tissues.
HCC was classified histologically into 4 groups namely thin, medium and thick trabecular types and free-cell type. Finely granular activities of Acp and βG and diffuse cytoplamsic staining for αN were found in the cytoplasm, whereas the activities of γGTP, Alp and CEA were demonstrated in the cell membrane of the bile canalicular structure of thin trabecular type HCC. Many αN positive macrophages were also observed in the sinusoid-like structures of the thin trabecular HCC. These findings were similar to those of non-cancerous liver tissues, and were inconspicuous in other types of HCC. Macrophages in the sinusoid-like structures of HCC and Kupffer cells of cirrhotic liver tissues showed marked αN and Acp activities though the activities of LZ and AACT were weak or almost absent. On the other hand, Kupffer cells of non-cirrhotic liver tissue were clearly positive not only for αN and Acp but also for LZ and AACT.

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Surgical biopsies from seventy human brain tumors were transplanted into athymic nude mice subcutaneously. Ten of the transplanted tumors (2 glioblastomas, 1 mixed oligo-astrocytoma, 1 ependymoma, 1 ependymoblastoma, 4 meningiomas and 1 craniopharyngioma) yielded tumor takes and 4 of them developed into long-term serial lines.
The tumors that grew in the animals were studied by light and electron microscopy. The morphological characteristics that were present in original surgical specimens were generally retained in the mouse-born tumors. Type-C virus particles were revealed by electron microscopy in a glioma line after 4 passages through nude mice.
Immunohistochemical studies were also executed in the transplanted tumors. The gliomas were continuously positive in reaction for S-100 protein, GFAP and vimentin through serial passages. Meningiomas were found to contain vimentin. A craniopharyngioma showed both keratin and vimentin. The presence of various types of intermediate-filament proteins in the mouse-born tumors was also investigated by biochemical analysis.

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During a five-year period, we treated 12 cases of primary retroperitoneal tumor. They were examined by angiography and computed tomography to assess resectability.
1) We found indirect signs in 75% of unresectable cases. It was possible to resect the tumor completely in four cases that showed a localized pattern in angiographic findings.
2) It has been found that differentiation between benign and malignant lesions is made correctly in 75% to 85% of cases by direct signs, but in our cases, direct signs appeared at the same rate in benign and malignant tumors (benign tumors : 60%, malignant tumors : 62.5%).
3) Tumors with smooth margin or capsular enhancement on CT findings were completely resected.
4) Tumors that showed invasion into the psoas muscle or piriform muscle on CT findings did not invade into muscle at all. It is necessary to take account of this fact. In these cases, angiography is useful to determine invasion of tumors into the muscle.
5) It is difficult to determine whether the tumor is localized or invasive on angiography when it is a hypovascular or avascular tumor. CT examination provides for useful information in such cases.

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Clinicopathological characteristics and post operative results of gastric cancers occurring in the young persons, less than 40 years of age, were studied retrospectively and compared with those of the aged individuals, more than 75 years of age. In the young persons, the incidence of stomach cancer was more prevalent in female, and occurrence rate of Borrmann 4 type cancer, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and positive peritoneal dissemination was significantly higher than in the aged. In the patients underwent curative resection, the prognosis for young persons was significantly better than that for aged individuals. Death due to recurrence of tumor was more frequent in aged individuals than young patients with advanced gastric cancer. One explanation of the difference in prognosis was the high incidence of the early gastric cancer and performance of extensive lymphadenectomy in the young patients underwent curative resection.

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Medical and surgical treatment of stroke is limited, therefore, the main therapeutic approach is through rehabilitation.
A total of 230 patients admitted to the rehabilitation ward of Harunaso Hospital from April, 1984 to March, 1986 were studied.
Main results were as follows :
(1) 61.1% of the patients were ambulant and 10.9% were totally dependent on discharge. Our data found a negative relationship between age and functional abilities on discharge.
(2) 67.0% of the patients admitted to the rehabilitation ward during the first three months after their stroke but 15.4% were admitted over one year period after it. We hope initiating rehabilitation as soon as possible after onset of stroke because increasing time between onset and admission may be associated with poorer outcome.
(3) Length of stay at the rehabilitation ward was within three months in 45.2% of the patients. It was interesting to note that the longer the stay the poorer the functional outcome.
(4) The functional outcomes usually made the difference between institutionalization and a return home. The percentage of the patients returning to home was greater for the group who had favourable functional outcomes.

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The acute toxicity of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic was investigated in C57BL/6, C3H and A/J mice. The LD₅₀ value of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic after intraperitoneal administration in C57BL/6 mice was 750mg/kg. The death induced by the material was also observed in C3H (H-2k) and A/J (H-2a). It is suggested that the lethal response to apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic was not controlled by genes located within the major histocorpatibility complex.
Mice were died from two to six days after administration of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic. The death was induced by the ceramic powder itself, and was not induced by the supernatant of the ceramic powder. The delayed-type hypersensitivity response to the material was studied by utilizing the footpad assay in C57BL/6 mice. Significant footpad swelling was observed in mice challenged with apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic over a week after challenge. The lethality of the material administered weekly was not changed during five weeks. These results suggest that an inflammation of a special sort, not an immunological one, played an important role in the lethal reaction. It may be suggested that the possible toxicity of the apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic appears in human beings.

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Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis is life-threatening and highly fetal disease demanding quickly bilary decompression for emergency and PTCD has been used chiefly for the purpse of drainage of the biliary tract.
Recently, endoscopic cannulation or endoscopic papillotomy have been employed for rapid relief of biliary obstruction at relatively low risk.
1) 11 patients of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis were treated in our institute endoscopically.
2) Stone extraction using basket catheter after EST was performed in 5 patients, nasobiliary drainage tube was placed in 5 and endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy was requested in 1.
Serum bilirubin and white blood cell counts promptly decreased to normal level with decrease of fever in those paients.
We concluded endoscopic biliary decompression is an effective method and relatively harmless to patients for the teatment of AOSC.

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The author has conducted a mass health examination for ten years, from 1971 to 1980, about a few thousands of adult farmers inhabiting in rural area of Gunma Prefecture, Japan. They were requested to attend the health examination once a year on indicated dates. Results on blood pressure, hemoglobin content, liver function test, and others, were notified individually to the attendants with advice after the examination. In addition, three specific surveys were carried out. Firstly, a self-administered questionnaire survey was for 289 male and 584 female attendants on motivation to the health examination, subjective symptom, and daily health behavior. Secondly, a household interview survey in 1985 was for 89 non-attendants and 64 attendants applying a psychodynamic theory on the behavior of attendance postulated by Baker and Shontz. Lastly, health questionnaires, simplified Cornell Medical Index and the Todai Health Index, were applied to the attendants.
Subjective symptom and/or mental complaints had little relation to the attendance rate, unexpectedly. The attendance rate to the continuing mass health examination was rather related to cognizance and attitude to health examination and also to personal and family health practice than physical condition, subjective symptom, and perceived health. The attendant group had significantly higher level of promoting factors and lower level of inhibiting factors of Shontz for behavior of attendance than the levels observed in non-attendance group. Frequent attendants tended to have mormal blood pressure level and improved hemoglobin content as compared with less frequent ones.

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