Time-course of effect of aldosterone on the incorporation of ¹⁴C-orotic acid into kidney RNA from adrenalectomized and normal mice was examined with the following results.
1. Stimulatory effect of aldosterone (0.55 μg/kg, s.c.) on ¹⁴C-orotic acid incorporation into RNA from kidney homogenate and its nuclear fraction was observed in early stages (1.53 hr) after aldosterone administration in adrenalectomized mice, however, the incorporation was not changed at 5 hr after aldosterone. RNA content in homogenate and subcellular fractions did not change in any cases.
2. After the administration of larger dose of aldosterone (50μg/kg) to adrenalectomized mice, ¹⁴C-orotic acid incorporation into kidney RNA was not changed until 3 hr.
3. Cortisol had no effect on RNA specific radioactivity and RNA amount in adrenalectomized mouse kidney. 4. ¹⁴C-orotic acid incorporation into kidney RNA was not changed until 5 hr between normal and adrenalectomized mice.
5. ¹⁴C-orotic acid incorporation into kidney nuclear RNA from normal mice was increased until 3 hr after aldosterone (2 and 20μg/kg) administration and the maximum effect was observed at 1.5 hr later.
6. The early effects of aldosterone on RNA synthesis in adrenalectomized mouse kidney are agreed with the general concept in “induction hypothesis” which has been offered by the study using adrenalectomized rat kidney and/or urinary bladder of toad.

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Carbonic anhydrase activity in mouse kidney, liver and blood samples prepared from several methods were determined by both manometric (Altschule and Levis' method) and colorimetric (Maren's and Wilbur and Anderson's methods) methods with the following results.
1. Between carbonic anhydrase activities of kidney, liver and blood and logarithmic concentrations of samples (μg protein or μM HbO₂), a straight line relationship was observed. The ranges of kidney protein concentration in above relation are 62.52000μg in Altschule and Levis' method, 25400μg in Maren's method and 6.25100μg in Wilbur and Anderson's method. The ranges of liver protein concentration in above dose-response relation is slightly higher than that in the kidney. The ranges of blood hemoglobin (μM) in straight line relationship are 0.258μM in manometric method, 0.01951.25μM in Maren's method and 0.00780.125μM in Wilbur and Anderson's method.
2. In above three methods, Wilbur and Anderson's method was most sensitive for measuring the enzyme activity.
3. For the preparation of kidney and liver samples, the well-washing of the tissue pieses may be sufficient to omitt the blood contamination, because the enzyme activity obtained from well-washed organ is similar to the enzyme activity obtained from perfused organ.
4. Inhibition grade of carbonic anhydrase activity by acetazolamide administration (20 mg/kg, i.p., 2 hr value) was examined. Kidney and blood carbonic anhydrase activities were inhibited by acetazolamide. Its inhibition grade is different by assay method and the grade is similar in both Altschule and Levis' and Maren's methods, however, the inhibition was appeared more strongly by Wilbur and Anderson's method.
5. Liver carbonic anhydrase activity was not inhibited by acetazolamide in above three methods.

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From hypertensive rats with bilaterally constricted renal arteries, the constricting clamps were removed by the Sekiguchi's method, and the healing process of the arterial lesions of the rats was studied light and electron microscopically and enzyme-histochemically.
After the removal of the clamps, blood pressure of the rats dropped, and nodular lesions in the mesenteric arteries were shrunken and scared.
The fibrinoid substance, deposited in the intima began to disappear on the luminal side, and intimal cells appeared in the subendothelium. They entered, with protruding cytoplasmic processes, the remaining fibrinoid substance to lyze it. In the granules of the cellular processes were found acid phosphatase reaction products. These granules were considered to be lysosomes, the enzyme of which seemed to be directly involved in the lysis of the fibrinoid substance.
In the course of healing of intimal fibrinoid degeneration, intimal cells made their first appearance directly beneath the endothelium, and they were morphologically similar to endothelial cells. Moreover, observation of the longitudinal sections often disclosed migration of endothelial cells into the subendothelium. On account of these, most of the intimal cells were considered to be derived from endothelial cells.
After complete healing of the fibrinoid degeneration, the intima came to exhibit cellulofibrous intimal thickening, which consisted of typical smooth muscle cells, collagen, elastica and basement membrane-like substance.
Medial smooth muscle cells which were damaged by hypertension showed partly or totally necrotized cell bodies, and they were consequently decreased in number. And the persisting muscle cells had turned into modified smooth muscle cells. After the removal of the clamps, the tendency to necrosis of muscle cells was invisible, and around the nuclei of the modified smooth muscle cell, lysosomes were increased, which were assumed to digest ganulo-vesicular cell debris deposited between the cells. With advance in healing, the cell debris diminished, and basement membrane-like substance and collagen were increased. Myofilaments of the modified smooth muscle cell were increased.
After the complete healing of the media, it exhibited the so-called fibrosis, that is, increased collagen and basement membrane-like substance, and muscle cells turned into smooth muscle cells with the typical cytoplasmic structure, though irregular in shape.
The adventitial granulation tissue, seen in the nodular arterial lesions of hypertensive rats, consisted of active fibroblasts, capillaries, and blood cells. After the removal of the clamps, the tissue was shrunken, and in association with this, radially disposed active fibroblasts turned into inactive fibroblasts, which were arranged concentrically around the arteries. In such adventitia, typical or modified smooth muscle cells were observed. It was consequently assumed that the adventitial fibroblasts might be converted into smooth muscle cells in the course of shrinking of the adventitial granulation tissue.

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Blood platelets were labeled by single intravenous injection with ⁷⁵Se-selenomethionine into the rabbits. The radioactivity of the blood platelets increased gradually and attained to a peak value at the 4th day after the injection, then decreased gradually thereafter. Blood platelets which were retained in the glass beads colum had higher radioactivity than those being passed through the colum soon after the injection. On the other hand, blood platelets which were passed through the glass beads colum had higher radioactivity 5 or 6 days after the injection.
It is concluded from the result described above that younger platelets had more capability of both adhesion and aggregation than older one. It is also suggested that enhancement of adhesion and aggregation activities of blood platelets observed in patients with hypercoagulability might result from an increased proportion of younger platelets due to acceleration of turnover of blood platelets in these patients.

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The therapy following the theory of so-called “milieu therapy” had been carried out intensively against 15 autistic children in Umegaoka Hospital (Tokyo) from 1972 to 1973.
The age of children ranged from 7 to 11 year old (9yrs 7mos of age in average). The average duration of their stay in the hospital was 2 years and one month.
The results are as follows :
1) The symptoms such as autism disturbance of inter-personal relationship, obsessive phenomena were well improved in most children.
2) The children made little progress in speech and in their limited intellectual interest by this treatment.
3) The children who had stayed in the hospital over one year, tended to lengthen the duration of their stay with less improvement.
It is suggested that these results support the theory of language & cognitive disorder of autistic children maintained by Rutter. And I think that autistic children are not necessarily treated in the form of in-patient.

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Ninety cases of mitral stnosis (MS) were operated in our department in the period from July, 1962 to December, 1974.
Digital commissurotomy was done in 13 cases early in our experience. From March, 1965, closed commissurotomy with dilator was performed in 62 cases, open commissurotomy in 14 cases, and mitral valve replacement in one case for restenosis two months after closed commissurotomy.
Late results of closed commissurotomy with dilator and of open commissurotomy were compared in 55 cases who passed more than 2 years after operation.
Results obtained were as follows :
1) In the group of closed commissurotomy (48 cases), hospital mortality rate was 4.2 per cent, and late mortality rate was 8.3 per cent. Fifty-two per cent of this group was improved markedly, but 25 per cent was not improved (unchanged or changed worse), and one case (2.1%) was lost to follow up.
Of the unchanged, changed worse, and died cases, some cases might be suggested as indication of open commissurotomy.
2) In the group of open commissurotomy (7 cases), hospital mortality rate was 14.3 per cent, but late death was none. All of survivors were markedly improved (71.4%), and one case (14.3%) was lost to follow up.
3) From the above results, we considered that if the indication of commissurotomy is determined properly, good result is expected. Our indications for open commissurotomy are atrial fibrillation, episode of embolism, calcification of mitral valve etc.
The idea of open commissurotomy for all cases is not proper, because it should be always considered that MS is a progressive disease and restenosis and reoperation may arise in future.

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