Specimens of cystadenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor) of salivary glands (parotid and submandibular glands) obtained from three patients were studied electron microscopically. The epithelial cells of the tumors contained numerous mitochondria, and the cristae of the large mitochondria were characteristic. The epithelial cells also contained crystalloids. The crystalloids were bounded by a single membrane and showed a periodic structure of 50 to 110Å. They were thought to be derived from Golgi apparatus.

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Neurite initiation and elongation is a very important process in brain development and in plasticity of the injured brain. The process of neurite initiation from isolated neurons in culture has been studied with phase contrast time lapse cinematography by Collins and Wessels et al. But the mechanism and the detail of neurite initiation are still unknown.
For clear demonstration of neurite initiation and elongation, isolated dorsal root ganglion cells in culture were observed with phase contrast microscopy, scanning and whole mount transmission electron microscopy. The observed process of neurite initiation and elongation was divided into six stages.
Cell surface of neurons which were fixed with glutaraldehyde before dissociation was almost smooth except 0.05-0.2μ m pits and 0.5-1μm hollows. Stage 1 : Immediately after seeding, neurons had 0.1-0.2μ m microspikes on their surface. In five minutes those microspikes elongated and at the bottom of the cell, reached the substratum. Stage 2 : After 30 minutes microspikes increased and adhered to the sabstratum around the neuron and also to its own cell surface. Pits were also found but smaller than the control. Stage 3 : After 150 minutes from seeding, neurons showed change in microspikes and in cell soma at the bottom. Veils formed between microspikes, enlarged and protruded from the cell body. In microspikes and veils, bundles and networks of microfilament were observed. Stage 4 : Neurons had initial flat growth cones, short neurites and cell body shaped dome. There were many microfilaments, microtubules and vacuoles in growth cones but mitochondria were not found in this stage. Stage 5 : In five to eight hours, many neurons had active large growth cones and microspikes concentrated to growth cones. Cell body flattened to a mound shape and microspikes of cell surface adhered and fused to its own cell membrane. In those active growth cones, many microtubules, mitochondria and other membranous and filamentous materials were found. Stage 6 : After 13-34 hours from seeding, networks of long neurites were remarkable. Terminal small, but thick growth cones had short and a few microspikes. The surface of the flattened cell body was very smooth, but many small pits were still found. In terminal growth cones, many mitochondria and filamentous materials were observed.
From these results it is suggested that microfilaments and microtubules are nessesary for neurite initiation, and also mitochondria and membranous materials are important for neurite elongation. But what determines the site of initiation and what controls the elongation is still unknown. Pit formation may be an important condition. Further studies including thin section electrom microscopy should be performed.

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It is well known that cadmium has an effect on hypo-calcification of hard tissues, and also itai-itai desease, which is explained to be osteomalacia in pathologic histology, is caused by chronic cadmium poisoning. In regard to mechanism of action for hard tissues calcification by such baneful cadmium, however, many of them have been unsolved until now.
In order to make the mechanism of action on calcification of cadmium, the author has investigated with using rabbit dentine whether or not cadmium deposits on dentine directly. New method is employed on referring to vital staining method of hard tissues used lead acetate which has been devised by Okada et al. Then further investigation has been carried out on the relationship between properties of dentine and changes of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate which have close connection to calcification caused by over dose of cadmium. Results are as follows :
1) Cadmium chloride is intravenously injected and decalcified with lactic acid or trichloroacetic acid which has lower degree of electrolytic dissociation than hydrogen sulfide, then cadmium chloride turned into cadmium sulfied. Then cadmium sulfied granules on the section are stained with gold chloride, after that cadmium can be observed as it shows black purple, intervenient color. Detectable minimum amount of cadmium in this method is about 13mg/kg. Deposition of cadmium in dentine is nearly in proportion to dose of cadmium and its deposition is less than the same amount of lead. This relationship was recorded semicalculatedly from the graph described by Sakura Photometer.
2) 510mg/kg of cadmium chloride is given by subcutaneous injection once a day for successive 68 days, then in striped calcification figure of incisor dentine the amount of calcium apatite decreased and properties of dentine substrate changed, and also growth rate of second molar was inhibited. In administration of 13mg/kg qualitative hypo-calcification of striped dentine was observed and sometimes after transient acceleration of calcification, inhibition, i.e., main action was observed, but in both cases decrease of growth rate appered. 0.05mg/kg can be considered the amount to affect calcification a little. On relationship between serum calcium and concentration of inorganic phosphate which have close connection to calcification, hypo-calcification is observed at first (although in a few cases, include the case of transient acceleration being observed) and as hypo-calcification increased serum calcium decreased apparently but inorganic phosphate has not changed markedly. In this case, it can be considered that disturbance of renal function by cadmium is involved.
3) From the results described above the author concluded that effects of cadmium on dentine calcification figure are mainly direct effects and also indirect effects are involved.

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Acute and subacute altitude exposure tests were performed on 38 members of Himaraya expeditions in a laboratory with low atmospheric pressure, and EEG changes and reactions of physiological acute adaptation were examined in order to obtain informations that will prove of help in preventing hypobaropathy and in health management in high mountain climbing.
Meanwhile, EEG during climbing Mt. Everest were recorded and analyzed using power spectrum to compare with the results of above-mentioned tests. An inquiry was also made into the effct of a long-term sojourn at altitudes on brain function which has remained almost unclarified so far.
1. Acute exposure to the altitude up to 4, 000m was attended with little change in EEG pattern, while at the altitude around 6, 000m slow waves were observed on EEG in all subjects, suggesting marked depression of brain function.
2. EEG changes caused by long-term exposure to altitudes (Mt. Everest climbing) were marked primarily by slowing of alpha waves with a subsequent appearance of slow waves. However, these changes varied grossly in severity with different indivisuals, depending upon the physiological compensatory function of the whole boby.
3. A follow-up EEG study demonstrated that a conspicuous delta-bursts occurred on activated hyperventilation following a long stay in altitudes, suggesting that the effects of long-term exposure to high altitude on brain function may persist for a certain period of time.
4. Hypoxic symptoms observed in high altitude environment were attributable to the disruption of various physiological compensatory functions and EEG could serve as an index for the evaluation of impairment of brain function.
5. It may be concluded that it is difficult to evaluate an aptitude for climbing high mountains only from these results.

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The sexual dimorphism and the effects of castration on the duct system of the rat submandibular glands were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Not only the simple observation of fine structure, but also morphometric measurement of various inclusions and elements of the constituent cells of the duct system were performed.
1. The duct system of the rat submandibular gland consists of the intercalated duct, striated duct, granular duct and excretory duct. The intercalated duct contains three cell types ; dark cell, granulated cell and basal cell. The striated duct is composed of only one cell type that is called striated duct cell, though its cytoplasm varies in electron density from cell to cell. The constituent cells of the granular duct are classified into five types in this paper as follows : basal cell, dark narrow cell, light narrow cell, light granular cell, and dark granular cell. The excretory duct consists of three types of cells ; light columnar cell, dark columnar cell and basal cell.
2. The granulated cells of the intercalated duct contain secretory granules in both sexes, but the number of granules predominates in female over male glands. The castration of male rats causes the decrease of granule number in this cell type.
3. The development of striated duct is better in female than in male. Almost all cells of the striated duct of female rats contain secretory granules, but in male non-granulated cells predominate over the granulated cells. Instead of granules, there are very small vesicles in the apical part of the non-granulated cells of the male striated duct. The effect of castration is slight in this part of the duct, but the appearance of cells after castration is a little similar to the case in female.
4. The two courses of differentiation of epithelial cells of the granular duct were assumed : a) basal cell → dark narrow cell → dark granular cell → light granular cell, b) striated duct cell →light narrow cell → light granular cell.
5. The granular duct shows most conspicuously the sexual dimorphism among various parts of the rat submandibular gland. The male granular duct always predominates over the female duct. Castration may inhibit the differentiation of cells in the granular duct, resulting in the decrease in volume of light granules as well as the number of light granular cells, that is thought to be the most differentiated type of the cells. The number of dark granular cells was increased, probably as the result of inhibition of differentiation from the dark granular cells into light granular cells.
6. The sexual difference as well as the effect of castration was vague in fine structure of cells in the final part of the duct system, that is the excretory duct.

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The nature of thyroglobulin which has been purified from human thyroid tumor tissue has been examined. The following findings were obtained.
The thyroglobulin content of tumor tissue was decreased markedly in cancer and the iodine content of thyroglobulin was also decreased in benign tumors and markedly decreased in cancer. However, there was no significant defference detected in amino acid composition among thyroglobulin preparations obtained from normal tissue, benign and cancer thyroid tissues. Concerning the carbohydrate content of thyroglobulin, sialic acid, which is probably located at the terminal position of the carbohydrate chains, was markedly decreased in cancer tissues. The hexose content varied among preparations. The affinity of thyroglobulin to lectins suggested that the structure of carbohydrate moiety on cancer thyroglobulin may be abnormal and various. The antigenic activity of tumor thyroglobulin varies greatly, suggesting heterogeneity of peptide moiety of thyroglobulin.

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Though there are some methods for detecting phagocytosis and killing, but most of them are tedious and skilled technique is needed. Recent reports suggested that luminol enhanced chemiluminescence had been useful in assessing intracellular and opsonphagocytic function with small number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by simple method. This report described the chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the patients with recurrent otitis media, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and fibrosing alveolitis by this method.
The results were as follow :
1) Depressed chemiluminescence was observed in 17% of 6 patients with recurrent otitis media. 2) Depressed chemiluminescence was observed in 30% of 10 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
3) Measuring of the patient with fibrosing alveolitis, 2 years old girl, the chemiluminescence was low peak values, and opsonic activity of the patient's serum for staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were lower than that of normal control serum.

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