It is well known that responses of skeletal muscles in mars are performed through three modes, i.e. voluntary movement, conditioned reflex and (ordinary) reflex. Hitherto, these modes of responses were explained detailedly but only separately and without any relation between them. In this paper it will be mentioned that these three modes of action result from the frequencies of stimulations which the living body recieves. 1) The voluntary movement is perf ormed with will intentionally through the motor area and by action of skeletal muscles. When an animal recieves a new kind of stimulation or a stimulation not repeated so many times, it must consider how to respond against the stimulation or how to respond in the most adequate way in view of self-presevation. On finding out the way, the response will be intended and then the muscle action produced. The voluntary movement is thus the response evoked, by will intentionally through the process of selection of response against the stimulations. 2) If the stimulations are repeated so of ten on the one same man or animal, then the adequate way of response in view of self-preservation against them may already be known and immediately decided unintentionally without any spiritual action, that is the conditioned reflex. In other word the conditioned reflex is a response which results from repetition of the same kind of stimulations on the one same animal, and which is consequently performed unintentionally, because the adequate way of response has already been found out and does not need any process to find it out. 3) If the same kind of stimulations has been repeated not only in one but through multiple generations since the progenitor, the adequate way of response against these stimulations may have been found out long before that generation. Under these condition the response against these stimulations is performed not only without any spiritual action but the proper pass ways to perform these action are built up within the body providing these pass ways have survived by the law of natural selection. This kind of response is reflex.
The conclusion is thus, as above mentioned, that the three different modes of response result naturally from the degree of the frequency of the same kind of stimulations acting upon the man or animal, and these modes are essential for man and animal to survive.

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After the administration of Rb⁸⁶Cl to male mice of dd strain weighing about 20 g, its absorption, distribution, excretion. and effects of alkali salts and diuretics upon these were investigated with the following results :
1) The rate of absorption of Rb from the alimentary canal was 50 and 67 % in 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. In the beginning, much of the adsorbed Rb⁸⁶ collected in the kidney.
2) The excretion of subcutaneously given Rb₈₆ was highest on the first day 8.5 and 2.5% into urine and feces, respectively, and thereafter gradually declined. The total excretion in a week amounted to 48%. The excretion into urine was about 3.2 times that into feces. 3) The distribution of Rb⁸⁶ at the 1st, 4th and 7th days of the administration was in the order of pancreas > liver > muscle ≥ testis > kidney > bone > blood. 4) The administration of isotonic KCl and NaCl solution tended to accelerate the excretion of Rb⁸⁶, exhibiting decrease in its concentration in the body. 5) The administration of RbCl in a small dose, separately or by added to Rb⁸⁶, accelerated the excretion of Rb⁸⁶, but in a larger dose, it conversely showed tendency of inhibition. 6) The administration of Diamox in 0.10.5 mg either gave no change in the excretion, or rather tended to inhibit it. 7) The administration of NH₄Cl accelerated the excretion, decreasing its concentration in the body. 8) The administration of mercuric diuretic produced no change in the excretion and in its distribution in the body.

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Rb⁸⁶ Cl was subcutaneously given, in a dose of 1μc/0.1ec, to male mice of dd strain weighing about 20g, and effects of various hormones upon its excretion and distribution in the body were investigated with the following results 1) The administraions of cortisone, hydrocortisone, 9χ-FHC, and Δ′-9α-FHC all showed tendency to accelerate the excretion of Rb⁸⁶. The concentration in various organs tended to be decreased by the administration of 9α-FHC, but showed scarcely any remarkable change after the administration of cortisone, hydrocortisone and Δ′-9α-FHC. 2) The administration of either DOCA or aldosterone produced significant increase in the excretion. As for the concentration in various organs, tendency of decrease was observed in the liver after the administration of DOCA, but no remarkable change in other organs. The administration of aldosterone in 10γ produced tendency of decrease in muscle, and in a dose of 50γ it produced the same in the testis and kidney, but no remarkable change in other organs.
3) The administration of either adrenaline or nor-adrenaline exerted inhibitory effect on the excretion. The administration of adrenaline produced tendency of decrease in the liver, no remarkable change in the testis and blood, and tendency of increase in other organs. The administration of nor-adrenaline produced no remarkable change in the liver and muscle, and tendency of increase in other organs. 4) The administration of thyroxine tended to accelerate the excretion, and to decrease the concentration in the organ. 5) The administration of insulin tended to accelerate the excretion, but produced no remarkable change in the distribution in organs. 6) The administration of testosterone propionate tended to increase the excretion and to decrease the concentration in organs. After the administration of estradiol benzoate, the excretion was rather inhibited, and concentrations in various organs all tended to increase. 7) As for the effect of hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, GH tended to inhibit, and TSH and ACTH to accelerate the excretion. None produced any remarkable change in the concentration in the organ. 8) The administration of vasopressin produced no remarkable change in the excretion and the concentration in the organ.

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In the first. enucleation was made of adrenals removed after sacrifice from adult male rats, by the same procedures as on., living ones, and the resting tissue was weighed and histologically investigated.
The tissue resting after enucleation amounted to 20% of the whole adrenal, and consisted of the capsule, a greater portion of the glomerular zone, and a minute portion of the transitional and the fascicular zone. Cells in this glomerular zone generally presented fascicular arrangement.
Next, adrenal enucleation was performed on living animals, and the resting tissue was histologically observed at 1 hour, 24 hours and 3 days after the operation.
Different from the case of enucleation of removed adrenals, the major part of the resting tissue underwent, within 3 days, necrosis or degeneration containing a great blood clot, except for the capsule or accessory bodies, and only a small portion is considered to participate in regeneration. Consequently, the regeneration of the cortex is assumed to develop, at least, from the capsule, and may be also from the glomerular zone.

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On adult male rats, adrenal enucleation (AE) was carried out bilaterally and unilaterally. AE did not exert any evident direct influence upon the growth of the animal. The adrenal, immediately after AE showed hematoma-like appearance, and remarkably increased in weight, but with its absorption, the weight decreased abruptly, attaining the minimum in 34 weeks. In the following 8 weeks, the weight showed scarcely any change or only extremely slow increase. From the 10th postoperative week, the adrenal weight increased relatively remarkably, but it did not return to the normal within 20 weeks.
Histologically, the regeneration of the cortex was well accomplished. In the first it generally showed fascicular arrangement, growing toward the center, but some parts assumed nodular or adenoma-like appearance. The formation of the zone appeared in 68 weeks, and in 10 weeks, distinction between zona glomerulosa and fasciculata because clear. Through all the course, the cells of the regenerated tissue showed hyperfunction. The necrotic tissue had not perfectly been absorbed even after 20 weeks. Lipid droplets were scarcely observed during the 1st3rd post-operative weeks, except those of relatively large sizes found in the boundary between necrotic and cicatricial tissues. Lipid droplets began to appear little by little in the regenerated tissue beginning from immediately beneath the capsule in the 46th weeks, but in the 10th week, the number of droplets was small and delicate in zona fasciculata, and approached the normal only in the 20th week.
From the above described, it is assumed that the perfect restoration of the cortical function would take at least 20 weeks after the operation.

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To investigate each process of iodine uptake by thyroid tissue, experiments were performed under various conditions. Results obtained were as follows : 1) Accelerative effects of various inorganic salts, and inhibitory effects of sodium cyanide methylthiouracil and various plant components were observed in I¹³¹ uptake experiments with frozen thyroid tissue. 2) Inhibitory effect of methylthiouracil on the process of I¹³¹ binding by thyroid was observed. Its binding force became so weak that the bound form of I¹³¹ in thyroid slices was transformed into the liberated form by action of potassium rodanate, 3) The existence of coupling process of I¹³¹ to tyrosine molecules, loosely bound by some protein-like polymer in thyroid tissue was proved. Hypothesis of “bound tyrosine” was proved by using C¹⁴ tyrosine incorporation method. Inhibitory effects of sodium cyanide and methylthiouracil on the process of coupling I¹³¹ to “bound tyrosine” were observed. 4) I¹³¹ uptake by thyroid slices was more sensitively inhibited than their oxygen consumption under various conditions, such as replacement of incubation medium, addition of sodium cyanide, methylthiouracil, various plant components, and potassium iodide.

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To investigate heat denaturation of amino acid composition of I¹³¹ labeled thyroid protein, paperchromatography of its enzymatic hydrolyzate was perfomed. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Enzymatic hydrolyzability of thyroid protein was diminished by heat denaruration.
2) By heat denaturation of I¹³¹ labeled. thyroid protein, apparent increase in radioactivity was observed on the spot of thyroxin-like fraction of its hydrolyzate. 3) By adding the denaturated thyroid protein, the above described denaturaton was induced in the natural thyroid protein.

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Hepatic changes in rabbits treated with repeated bloodletting were characterized in early stage by foamy swelling and vacuolation of the hepatic cells focal in distribution and necrosis in the central zone of the lobules. At advanced stage of anemia vacuolar or reticular appearance of the cells involved became cf severe degree, the nuclei and cytoplasmas tending to fade and loose their staining ability. Fat accumulation was observed fairy confined to the areas surrounding the cell group undergoing degeneration.
The mitochondria, of the hepatic cells showing degeneration were swollen, vacuolated with a positive reaction to osmic acid or obscured.
Hyperplasia of the marrow took place at the expence of the fat. The reduction of the fat tissue in the marrow seemed to be closely related to the appearance of fat embolism in the lnng.
Lipemia was observed about a week after the loss of blood from the body. Access of fat in the blood stream possibly caused by disturbances in functional activities of the hepatic cells due to anoxia or decrease in plasma protein and by mobilization of depot fat is probably an important resource of the fat accumulating hepatic cells.
At prolonged stage of anemia, there was a disappearance of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver, spleen and lymphnodes which was observed in early stage.
Hemosiderin deposition was not demonstrated in animals used in this experiment.

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Histopathological studies on uremia were carried out by systematically investigating organs of dogs in which renal insufficiency was produced through bilateral nephrectomy and others. Groups 1 and 2, with severe renal insufficiency, were given salt, group 3, with the same condition as group 1, were given a fibrinolysin-inhibitor to inhibit vascular permeability, or not given salt, and group 4 had milder renal insufficieney than groups 1 and 2. Clinical signs were most prominent in groups 1 and 2, less prominent in group 3, and mild in group 4. Upward trend of blood pressure was observed in all the four groups.
Extensive lesions due to abnormal or increased vascular permeability were observed in organs of these experimental groups. The principal ones were : 1) fibrinoid degeneration of vascular wall, 2) exsudation of fibrin in loose connective tissue, 3) hemorrhage, 4) edema, and 5) degeneration, necrosis, dissociation and cytolysis of parenchymatous cells. There was no remarkable difference in edema between groups, but rather more prominent in groups 1 and 2. The fibrinoid degeneration, fibrin exudation, hemorrhage, and change in parenchymatous cells were generally severest in groups 1 and 2, and considerably milder in groups 3 and 4.
Fibrinoid substance, frequently observed in vascular walls of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and gall bladder, is considered to be derived from fibrin, fibrinogen, blood plasma and its mucoprotein. From this lesion, remarkable hemorrhage and gastric and duodenal ulcers ensued.
A series of changes frequently seen in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder and gall bladder, such as edema, fibrin exudation and fibrinoid degeneration are considered as the “Albuminurie ins Gewebe” developing in the process of compensatory excretion. The edema can be explained as interstitial serous inflammation, fibrin exudation as interstitial fibrinous inflammation, and fibrinoid degeneration as interstitial fibrinous inflammation as modified by the structure of vascular wall.
As the causes of the abnormal or increased vascular permeability are considered : 1) waste products in the blood as well as the metabolic disturbance of water and electrolytes in the uremic condition, 2) hypertension, and 3) activity of plasma fibrinolysin.

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The effect of coexistent alveolitis upon the silicotic changes in the lung and paratracheal lymph nodes were investigated experimentally in rabbits and guinea pigs. 1) Cellular agglomerations consisting of histiocytic elements were formed in the interstitial tissues of the lung in most prominent degree 2 to 3 weeks after a single intratracheal inoculation cf 0.5cc. of 3% silicic acid anhydride suspension. This pneumonic process gradually subsided with the lapse of time and no distinctive tissue response was seen remaining after 10 weeks. In guinea pigs subjected to a combined treatment both with silicic acid and with a intracutaneous injection of 1.0cc. pertussal toxin, on the other hand, resolution was found retarded. 2) In rabbits treated with 5% silicic acid for prolonged period (0.8cc. daily for 10 days or twice a week for 5 weeks) reduction and resolution of the granulation tissue in the lung induced occured. about 120 days after, while in animals complicated by pertussal infection the process was prolonged with increasing amcunt of fibrous element. 3) The paratracheal lymph nodes revealed a similar cell response correponding to that found in the lung.
The results obtained leads to the conclution that lesions in the lung and paratracheal lymph nodes produced by silicic acid inoculation were distinctly enhanced by coexistent alveolitis.

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Rats were treated with DOCA administration (Selye's method) or adrenal enucleation (Skelton's method), and the nature and origin of fibrinoid degeneration produced in various organs of the rats were studied histologically and histochemically.
Fibrinoid degeneration developed in higher rates in the DOCA-injected rats, and in lower rates in the adrenal-enucleated. It was observed in almost all organs, but especially highly and frequently in the kidney and mesentery. Fibrinoid degeneration in small arteries of the brain induced massive hemorrhage in cerebral parenchyma.
Fibrinoid substance, 1) was often produced confined in arterial intima, 2) was intensely stained with fibrin stain, 3) contained protein and mucoprotein, 4) had close spatial relation with sero-fibrinous exudate, and 5) like fibrin, was digested with trypsin and fibrinolysin. And, 6) there was no strict parallelism between the degrees of hypertension and fibrinoid degeneration.
The foregoing results suggest that fibrinoid substance would be derived from fibrin, fibrinogen, blood plasma and its mucoprotein, all of which are exuded into vascular wall and perivascular connective tissue as the results of increased vascular permeability. And since fibrinoid degeneration is apt to develop in arterial vessels, it is a lesion to be called “Serofibrinous arteritis”.
As for the cause of the abnormal or increased vascular permeability, the action of DOCA, the metabolic abnormality of electrolytes, the elevation of blood pressure and the activity of plasma fibrinolysin are considered responsible.

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The testis of 41 autopsy cases including 26 subjects over 60 years of age were investigated.
The histologic picture of the senile testis is not uniform, but in general the changes were characterized by retarded spermatogenesis of minor grade in the seminiferous tubules, moderate degree of hyaline thickening of the basement membrane with peritubular fibrosis, increased amount of focal sclerotic tubules, decreased Leydig cell population and by constant presence of arteriolar sclerosis. In 17 of 26 subjects over 60 years of age, the interstitial cells of Leydig showed a numerical decrease vith varying intensity of degeneration, while in 5 of them, they present abundantly in, nests or clumps between the tubules. Observations on endocrine glands revealed atrophy of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis with invasion of posterior lobe by basophilic cells and that of thyroid as characteristics associated with aging. In 4 of 21 cases examined adenomas were found, in the adrenals. The presence of adenomas in the adrenal cortex seemed to be closely correlated with an, unusual aggregation of the Leydig cells in the testis. Charges in the senile testis were compared with those secondary to hypophysial damage.
It was an indelible impression that in majority of instances Leydig cells were of poor functional state in senility in contrast to relative preservation of spermatogenic activity. Histologic variability in the senile testis is probably ascribed to divergences in the state of hypophysial regulation over the testis duplicated by a variety of noxious factors or factors associated with aging process, possibly such as hypertension.

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