Osteological research in otolaryngology is very important because of some organs in the ear, nose and throat are incased with bone and cartilage. One of the characteristics of hard tissue is to be mineralized deposited hydroxyapatite and the experimental methods of hard tissue different compare to that of soft tissue.
The causes of pathological demineralization are that some lesions including inflammatory, cystic and tumorous diseases of soft tissue extend to surrounding bone.
We can observe various vital reactions in the bone removal from patients with chronic otitis media, uremia, cancer and cystic deseasses of nose and paranasal sinuses by special methods. Non-deminaralized materials have to be used to observe demineralization, osteoid and calcification front.
The otic capsule, tibia and femur from rats with hypervitaminosis A and controls is used in experiment. Methods used in our research are autoradiographic, colchicine, histochemical, radiomicrography and electron probe X-ray microanalytical technique. The each experimental methods are described and the results from these techniqre are discussed.
It is explained that avaiable methods are chosen to carry out the in osteology because purpose of histological studies in basic otolaryngology is different from that in clinic.

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We examined the condition of the stapes in initial surgical cases (over 16 years old) in order to clarify what kind of otitis media induces stapes destruction. We also investigated the bone conduction hearing level in cases of stapes destruction. The subjects were cases of pars flaccida-type cholesteatoma (75 ears), pars tensa-type cholesteatoma (34 ears), pre-cholesteatoma (intermediate type between pars tensa cholesteatoma and adhesive otitis media, 20 ears), adhesive otitis media (48 ears) and simple perforated otitis media (266 ears). Destruction of the stapes superstructure was most frequently recognized in pars tensa cholesteatoma (73.5%), followed by pre-cholesteatoma (60%) and adhesive otitis media (39.7%). However, the incidence was low in pars flaccida cholesteatoma (17.3%), because the cholesteatoma matrix generally does not invaginate to the mesotympanum through the tympanic isthmus. There was no correlation between destruction of the stapes and the period of disease in our data. We surmise that bone conduction hearing loss is induced by disease of the oval and round window and progresses with advancing age.

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Recently the excellent cure rate of Bell's palsy has been obtained by early administration of Stennerts method. And excellent cure rate of Hunt syndrome was obtained by intravenous administration of high doses steroid combined with antiviral agent (Aciclovir)
In this study, the effect of Aciclovir on fresh facial palsy (Hunt syndrome and Bell's palsy) was examined.
The purposes of this therapy are as follows.
1. Treatment of zoster sine herpetes and Hunt syndromes, those are included in Bell's palsy.
2. Treatment of Bell's palsy, those have relation to herpes virus.
Subjects were divided into 3 groups.
Group I (11 cases) received on Aciclovir and administered low dose steroid. (predonisoron was reduced from 40mg/day gradually)
Group II a (17 cases) were treated by the administration of Aciclovir 750mg/day additional to low dose steroid.
Group II b (27 cases) administered Aciclovir 750mg/day additional to high dose steroid. (Stennert's method)
Complete recovery was shown in 24 cases (96%) in group II b.

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Statistical analysis was made on the 1286 patients (male 543, female 743) who visited our outpatient clinic complaining of vertigo and dizziness from January 1985 to December 1989. Vertigo and dizziness of pripheral origin accounted for 35.5% of the total, of central origin 10.7%, others 6.1% and of unknown origin 47.7%. Vertiginous cases are sometimes diffi cult to diagnose because of the lack of objective findings or the atypical history and so on. One of them is the syndrome presenting sudden transient solo vertigo attack with recurrency which may be called vestibular Meniere's disease. In order to estimate the pathogenesis of the syndrome clinically, we listed up 9 cases which exhibited such a history in their early stages and whose diagnoses were established later. The diagnoses consisted of 4 cases of Meniere's disease and 5 of circulatory disorder in the vestibular system. we pointed out the possibility that such an attack may be an alarm sign for a possible stroke of cerebral vascular diseases.

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It is well known that cytology and histology of the cervical lymph nodes are important in diagno-sis of head and neck diseases. Cervical lymph nodes containing metastatic cancer may also suggest the site of the primary cancer. However, cervical lymph nodes occupied by multiple diseases are observed in some case, for example, tuberculosis-lymphoma, lymphoma-cancer and double cancer.
This report presents two cases of metastases of double cancer in the same cervical lymph node. Existence of primary cancers of thyroid and hypophanynx was certified with microscopy in case 1. There were metastases of papillary adenocarcinoma in one of the right superior deep jugular lymph nodes, one of the right middle deep jugular lymph nodes and two of the right inferior deep jugular lymph nodes. Coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was observed in one of the paratracheal lymph nodes.
In case 2, there were two isolated cancers in the cervical esophagus and thyroid. Papillary adenocarcinoma was observed in three of the left inferior deep jugular lymph nodes and two of the left paratracheal lymph nodes. Metastases of squamous cell carcinoma were seen in a right superior deep jugular lymph node, middle deep jugular lymph node and the left paratracheal lymph node. Coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was observed in one of the left middle deep jugular lymph node.

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Foreign body in the esophagus is a disease which we otorhinolaryngologists often encounter in the clinical practice. Needless to say, prevention of complication is what we should take into consideration in removing the foreign body. Particularly, injury of mucous membrane at the orifice of the esophagus on insertion of a rigid esophagoscope is a problem to which we should pay full attention, since its incidence is relatively high and since severe injury can be fatal.
To cope with the problem, we devised a preventive measure against complications, that is, having a rubber tube retained in the route through which to insert the rigid esophagoscope.
By this method, the mucous membrane in the routes for insertion of the rigid esophagoscope such as the oral cavity, pharynx and orifice of the esophagus is protected and it becomes possible to insert both rigid and flexible esophagoscopes repeatedly, rapidly and safely. This method is favourably indicated for cases where foreign body such as food mass located below the orifice of the esophagus have to be removed piece by piece and cases where the rigid esophagoscope or flexible fiberscope cannot but be inserted more than once.

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[in Japanese]

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