Since the management of facial nerve schwannoma (FNS) is extremely rare intratemporal FNS has the potential to be misdiagnosed as Bell's palsy or intraparotid FNS might be often misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma or another parotid tumor which might lead to a delay in diagnosis. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the literature regarding the management of IFNS and reported the authors' experiences in the treatment of IFNS. In patients with FNS, female sex and involvement of the labyrinthine/geniculate and tympanic segments of the facial nerve predict a higher probability of facial paresis or spasm. When isolated to the posterior fossa or parotid gland, establishing a preoperative diagnosis of FNS is challenging. The correct diagnosis for extratemporal FNS depends mainly on intraoperative observation of the gross relation between the tumor and the FN or excision frozen biopsy examination. Treatment should be tailored according to tumor location and size, existing facial nerve function, patient priorities, and age. The integrity of the FN should be preserved for patients with IFNS using tripping method whenever possible. In cases where the facial nerve has been interrupted during surgery, the cable nerve interpositioning technique is a convenient and well-accepted procedure for immediate restitution of the nerve. In order to obtain a better facial outcome, facial nerve is reconstructed also along with facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis at the same time. The physical rehabilitation is very important to decrease facial contracture and synkinesis.

　Parotid tumors in children are relatively rare, however, the percentage of malignant tumors is higher than that in adults.

　Herein, I report the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented with a swelling of the neck and was diagnosed as having parotid cancer.

　He was referred to our department with a one-month history of a swelling in the right neck region.

　Based on the findings on CT and MRI, the mass was diagnosed as a parotid tumor.

　Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed class III features (suspected acinic cell carcinoma), and surgery was performed.

　Since diagnostic imaging revealed the presence of a tumor capsule and there was no clinical evidence of facial nerve paralysis, partial resection of the parotid gland was selected as the operation method.

　Since marked enlargement of the upper inner deep cervical lymph nodes was noted, neck dissection (II, III) was also performed.

　Postoperative histopathology revealed the diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma (pT2pN0), with a negative margin. The patient is currently under postoperative follow-up observation.

　Parotid gland tumors in children after infancy are often highly malignant, and even among benign tumors, pleomorphic adenomas are predominant.

　Therefore, surgery is performed under the presumption of malignant tumor in many cases.

　We have reported on the epidemiology, tissue type, postoperative observation period, etc., of parotid tumors in children.

　Patients with lodgment of ingested fishbone foreign bodies in the pharynx are frequently seen at the department of otorhinolaryngology in hospitals. Fishbones represent the most common example of ingested foreign bodies in Japan. We report a case of an ingested fishbone that migrated from the pharynx to the thyroid gland and had to be removed through a cervical skin incision.

　A 49-year-old man who had eaten yellowtail the previous day visited a doctor complaining of painful swallowing. The fishbone could not be identified despite the presence of mucosal edema extending from the laryngeal arytenoid to the hypopharyngeal pyriform fossa on the left side. However, imaging examination revealed a linear calcification about 40 mm in length in the left lobe of the thyroid gland, which was suspected as the fish bone that had presumably migrated out of the pharynx. We then removed the huge fishbone foreign body that was about 42 mm long from the left lobe of the thyroid gland through a cervical skin incision. There was no abscess formation around the fish bone in the thyroid. After the surgery, the laryngeal edema improved promptly with antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy.

　When a fishbone foreign body migrates out of the lumen as in this case, it is sometimes not possible to confirm by endoscopic examination, and imaging examination is important when such a condition is suspected.

　Herein, we report a case of acute epiglottitis with formation of a hematoma in the epiglottis, with the risk of further worsening of the patient's condition. The patient was a 51-year-old male who visited our otolaryngology department with a history of experiencing an unpleasant sensation in the throat and difficulty in swallowing water since the previous day. He had undergone artificial valve replacement for aortic stenosis at our hospital, and was taking warfarin potassium 5 mg and aspirin 100 mg daily. Endoscopic examination revealed notable swelling at the base of the tongue, along with an epiglottic hematoma. We measured the PT-INR for evaluation of the clotting function. Since the value was abnormally high (over 12), we immediately consulted the cardiac surgery department. We started the patient on a steroid and antibiotic and administered 60 mg of menatetrenone to the patient as an urgent intervention, and the PT-INR level returned to within the normal range (1.4). We continued to administer the antibiotic and steroid and took a conservative wait-and-watch approach. The patient gradually recovered and was eventually discharged from the hospital. In patients on routine anticoagulant therapy presenting with acute epiglottitis, it is important to be alert to the risk of a hematoma and the patient's condition becoming worse. In addition, in such patients, tracheotomy may be risky as it would be potentially difficult to control the amount of bleeding; therefore, it is essential to consult with the department that prescribed the anticoagulant and decide carefully on the further course of treatment.

　Congenital choanal atresia is a structural abnormality of the nasal cavity that often manifests as dyspnea, suckling disorder and pulmonary aspiration. Although it is treated by surgery, the stenosis frequently recurs, so it is necessary to carefully examine the operative method. Traditionally, the trans oral lid method and trans nasal method have been reported, but with recent advances in endoscopic techniques, endoscopic nasal methods have also been increasingly used. Herein, we report our experience of a case of unilateral congenital choanal atresia. The patient was an 8-year-old girl with a history of recurrent. Left purulent nasal discharge from birth. She was diagnosed as having left choanal atresia by a neighborhood doctor following nasal endoscopic examination, however, as there was no evidence of respiratory distress, she was kept under follow-up observation with a policy of surgical treatment in the event of growth. When the patient turned 15, we performed left nasal endoscopic surgery at our department, because she desired surgery. We covered the raw bony area with a closed-wall mucosal flap.

　A year has passed since the surgery and the opening of the left posterior nostril remains good.

　We were able to prevent restenosis of the open part by the endoscopic trans nasal surgery using the closed-wall mucosal flap. I think that this method is very useful minimally invasive surgery for congenital choanal atresia.