Generation mechanisms of cochlear ischemia-reperfusion injury were reviewed. Increase in the extracellular concentration of glutamate is one of key components in the sequence of the cochlear ischemia injury. In addition, enhanced generation of free radicals and nitric oxide following reperfusion contributes to further injury of outer hair cells. Clarification of mechanisms of cochlear ischemia-reperfusion injury is mandatory for the treatment of this type of injury.

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We evaluated the usefulness of conebeam x-ray CT in the diagnosis of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis in 21 patients.
Among teeth causing odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, 95% had apical lesions after root canal treatment. Most root canals were filled with filling materials incompletely. Apical lesions in inappropriately treated teeth thus caused odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.
Conebeam CT involves 3-dimensional isotropic voxel image data in up to 512 frames for transaxial, coronal, and sagittal planes, so resolution in imaging on the body axis was especially high. Multiplanar reconstruction and volume rendering images at any optional plane could be obtained without interpolation. The relationship between causative teeth and the maxillary sinus could be observed and measured, and odontogenic maxillary sinusitis accurately diagnosed.
In addition to the accurate diagnosis of apical lesions, maxilla, and maxillary sinus, periodontal ligament space, lamina dura, pulp cavity, root canal, canal-treated root, apical periodontitis, alveolar ostitis, marginal periodontitis of causative teeth could be observed.
Metal artifacts were minimized, making conebeam CT useful in the diagnosis of periodontal tissue and causative teeth, including root-canal-treated and crown-restored teeth.

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We report three cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis involving women aged 54, 60, and 44 years, all of whom regorted cervical swelling and pain. The tuberculin test was strongly positive in all three.
In two cases, tubercle bacillus was detected in a tubercle bacillus culture test of liquid drained from a spontaneous rupture.
In the other case, giant cells were confirmed in pathology.
All patients wnden went chemotherapy and surgical resection.
We would like to emphasize that surgical resection is very important in treating tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.

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We report a case of subperiosteal abscess in an alloplastic implant inserted to repair a blowout fracture 20 years earlier. A 37-year-old man with rhinorrhea, eyelid and cheek swelling, and diplopia was found in computed tomopraply (CT) to have soft tissue density and air between the periorbita and implant. We undertook endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to remove the implant immediately, followed by intravenous administration of antibiotics and steroids. After l week, the man's signs and symptoms disappeared. We wish to call attention to the risk of such late complications associated with alloplastic implants.

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A case of subperiosteal orbital abscess is reported with a discussion of the effectiveness of surgical treatment. A 15-year-old female with acute sinusitis developed a subperiosteal orbital abscess. In spite of antibiotic treatment, the inflammation worsened, with the development of orbital cellulitis. The patient complained of left cheek pain and swelling of the left eyelid, and presented with disturbance of eye movements.
We performed an emergent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for the frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses 3 days after onset, and initiated the patient on intravenous antibiotics together with steroid therapy after the surgery. However, despite the above treatments, the patient developed a superior subperiosteal orbital abscess. A second drainage operation was performed through the left frontal sinus, and intravenous antibiotics together with steroid pulse therapy was administered again.
The pus specimens showed no growth. The patient recovered fully without any complications, and was discharged after 16-day's hospitalization. The results in our case indicate that surgical treatment is effective and necessary for orbital cellulitis or subperiosteal orbital abscess when conservative therapy is not effective. Further, early diagnosis is indispensable for effective treatment of visual disturbances caused by paranasal sinus disease.

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Cholesteatoma and acoustic neurinoma are diseases that are frequently encountered in clinical practice. However, it is rare to encounter a case with both of these diseases. It is possible, in such cases, for one of the diseases to be overlooked, based on the complaint of hearing difficulty alone. We recently encountered a case of cholesteatoma in the middle ear and acoustic neurinoma. The case was a 66 year-old male patient who presented to us with the complaint of otorrhea on the left side. The patient was diagnosed to have cholesteatoma and tympanoplasty was performed. Due to hearing deterioration even after the operation, MRI was performed for suspected intracranial lesions. Acoustic neurinoma was then diagnosed and extirpation was performed. Postoperative recurrence has not occurred to date. If hearing deterioration progresses after tympanoplasty, the possibility of inner ear disease should be examined. The present case had a history of a cauda equina tumor, therefore, type 2 neurofibromatosis was considered in the differential diagnosis.

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The roles of dentistry in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are mainly : 1. Craniofacial skeletal diagnosis, 2. Treatment by oral appliance, 3. Prevention of craniofacial skeletal problem. We use cephalometrics, CT and MRI to diagnose craniofacial skeleton of the patients and treat the OSAS patient by the oral appliance. We could make the airway of the OSAS patients bigger by the orthodontic treatment and ENT doctor could make the airway of the patient's patency by removing tonsils and adenoids. If the patient has the airway patency, the mandible of the patient could grow naturally in advanced position and have the airway bigger, consequently the patient could avoid OSAS in his future.

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