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Volume 25 (1974 - 197･･･
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Volume 25, Issue 1
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Mitsuo Ogura1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 2-17,119
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWeber's work on the relations of Protestantism and modern capitalism attracts much attention even today because of its methodological importance, and gives useful suggestions for studies of social change in Afro-Asian societies.
Two points should be taken into consideration when Weber's theory is referred. One points is that the spirit of capitalism means not only capitalist spirit but also labourer's spirit. Second point is about the relationships among motivation, action and its effect. Calvinists' motivation with their interest in salvation had peculiar bearing on their actions in the secular sphere, and gave birth to the spirit of capitalism. However this was unintended effect. Complicated relationships between motivation and effect should be considered in special reference to structural conditions. I studied these points in this article.
Socialism is one of the most important spiritual bases for social reforms in developing societies. Reforms are tried subjective-rationally (not necessarily objective-rationally) to perform by political leaders. Then the spirit of socialism often remains being only socialist spirit, and doesn't grow to people's spirit. African socialism with special reference to Tanzanian case was analysed from this point of view. Through this I considered the problem of social change and people's way of life.View full abstractDownload PDF (2344K) -
-in connection with the ancestral cult of ie and dozoku-Shoji Yonemura1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 18-39,119
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been said that patrilineal descent system and patriarchal family structure is closely bound up with an ancestral cult. This holds true for Japan. Ancestor worship is the key foundation of ie (household) and dozoku (a form of lineage). Ie and dozoku is in close contact with ancestor worship. The writer's main purpose is to analyze ancestor worship in the structural context of ie and dozoku. In order to make clear this, it is necessary for him to discuss ie and dozoku.
In the first place, the theories of dozoku by both Prof. Ariga and Prof. Kitano are discussed together with patronage and kinship system in rural Japan. Through this discussion, dozoku is defined as follows : dozoku is a group of households which recognize mutually not only their genealogical relationship in terms of their origin and the branches derived from it, but also their respective statuses and roles ; it performs unitary functions as a corporation on the basis of their relationship.
In the second place, ie is defined as a corporation and a durable unit, which is conceived as persisting through time by the succession of its members. Then ancestor worship is analyzed in the socio-cultural context of ie. Through this analysis, it is pointed out that ancestor worship is, in essence, the ritualization of filial piety and that ancestor in Japan, too, are not only benevolent but punitive, though not capricious.
In the next article, it will be made clear through case analysis of dozokus in a mountain village in Okayama Prefecture that dozoku is a form of a corporate lineage and that ancestor worship solidifies the dozoku solidarity and serves as foci of dozoku.View full abstractDownload PDF (3156K) -
Kenji Kinoshita1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 40-52,118
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the course of the high economic growth since 1955, rural society of our country has undergone a drastic change. With the advent of the sixties, this change became so marked that it came to be referred to as “Collapse of Mura-village community-”. This paper aims to examine the meaning of the problems with which rural communites have been confronted by the above-mentioned change.
In this paper two points are taken up for discussion. In the first place, the changes which “Collapse of Mura” has produced in rural communities are studied. In the second place, the changes in the rural community called “Mura” are traced to the Meiji Restration, and the role of the changes played in connection with total society is discussed.
At present there are considerable differences of view on “Mura”. The writer's view is that “Mura” is an agricultural village community, a kind of “Gemeinschaft”, relying on the interdependence of the peasantry. Viewed in this light the so-called “Collapse of Mura” does not necessarily mean the disorganization of “Mura”, so long as it keeps up the interdependence of the peasantry. What is more important is that such a phenomenon as “Collapse of Mura” shows that there is in rural communities a general tendency which forms a part of the structural change of our country.
Before the World War II, though it was repeatedly reorganized in the process of the development of society as a whole, the “Mura” preserved a position to be utilized as a smallest but powerful unit supporting the constituted order controlled by the Tenno system. The same is true after the War. The communal order of “Mura” is still preserved as an institution to support the establishment. With the advance high economic growth essential changes have begun to take place in the existing relations between “Mura” and the establishment. Now, the importance of “Mura” is becoming smaller and smaller both to the ruling class and to the farming polulation. And the Government is planning to establish a more centralized administration fitted for a vast area. As a result “Mura” has become one of the numerous life areas of the village population.
In this connection it is extremely necessary to establish new methods of approach to the study of the rural community.View full abstractDownload PDF (1865K) -
1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 52
Published: 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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Masanori Matsuoka1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 53-70,117
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article describes the processes of community restructuring in a “buraku” following the land reform around 1946 and analyzes the present significance of these changes.
The “buraku” which was studied is a scattered village in a single crop region in Akita Prefecture. Prior to the land reform, almost all of the “Buraku” s' land was owned by the Ikeda's or village leader F. With the exception of F's supporters, the tenants were discontent with the tenure-system of land control.
The redistribution of land and the conversion of most tenants into owner-cultivators caused both community re-integration and community disorganization. Community re-integration has been reflected in (a) the farmer's cooperation with the “buraku-kai”, (b) their preference for a consultative rather than a centralized system of farm management, and (c) their support of the increase of village independence from government administration. Community disorganization has been reflected in (a) the diffuse leadership, (b) the development of a system of independent farm management freed from village control, and (c) the lessening of community influence on the economic lives of the villagers.
Because of the community disorganization, the villagers get to be more independent and the “buraku” seems to have little importance as a social unit. Close analysis, however, reveals that the community re-integration has, in many ways, reinforced the influence of the “buraku”. It is still the main basis for the farmers' interaction with administrative agencies and with each other, and it still strongly influences the daily life of the community.View full abstractDownload PDF (2450K) -
Kenya Numata1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 71-79,116
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japan, a very important phenomenon in human relations can be observed. This is called “giri” in Japanese. For example, every contact in life seems to incur giri in some way or other. This means taking little accounts of words and acts someone throws others into obligation with no thought of incurring it. The Japanese behave as if they walked carefully in a complicated world.
Though many students have tried to give definition of giri, sometimes one is contrary to the other. There is no clear definition. One of the reasons is whether the phenomenon is specific in Japan or not.
Ruth Benedict said as follows, “There is no possible English equivalent and of all the strange categories of moral obligations which anthropologists find in the culture of the world, it is one of the most curious. It is specifically Japanese”. But, others insist that they have observed similiar phenomena in countries.
Therefore, the writer has tried some tentative analysis of the meanings of giri.
Whether the occasion is birth or death, a rice-transplanting, a housebuilding or social party, the exchange of giri is carefully noted for future repayment. Repayment of giri is thought of as repayment of an exact equivalent. Twice a year every household wraps up something in ceremonious fashion as return on a gift received six months before.
In Japan's history, giri has been a virtue common to all classes. Like all other obligations and disciplines in Japan giri becomes heavier as one goes up the social scale but it is required at all levels of society.
This phenomenon is very important for Japanese, and also for the students on Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1305K) -
[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 80-85
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 85-88
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 89-92
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 93-97
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 97-101
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1974 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 101-104
Published: July 30, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (510K)
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