The nurses are not still recognized as professional. But they have regarded themselves as professional. They seem to have been taking the step of renovating unsatisfactory work conditions and nursing system, inmaturity of nursing science, in completed educational conditions of nursing, and low level of nursing service, and so on.
This paper is concerned with clarifying the relations between professionalization and nursing work. The nurses naturally expect to be satisfied with nursing work itself. But they seem to fail in it because of the present unsatisfactory work condition. The present writer attempts to analyse the character of nursing work and, if possible, to form a model of nursing work by utilizing these data.

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In this paper I intend to clarify the difference between Ariga's and Kitano's theory concerning understanding family and “Ie”. As it is generally known, we can see difference between two sociologists in the interpretation of Toda's family theory. When we review the controversy between Ariga and Kitano, it is necessary to go back the difference of conception between Toda and Ariga. Between two theories there is an important difference. Toda presented the conception of the “small family” and gave it the primary status. On the other hand, Ariga characterized the Japanese family as a large family and defined it as “Ie”.

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We explain the property of the postwar women's working, and analysing factors of labour supply, structure of labour market, patterns of career, earning structure of family. The decline of labour force participation rate was caused by Entbauerung, and the increase in employees was owing to cyclical variations and historical tendencies. A decrease in birth number accompanied with an increase in workable term is most important of the former. The women role's differentiation of one stratum from another, i.e. an increase in house wife among whose husbands are non manual worker and an increase in working wife among whose husbands are manual worker, is most important of the latter.
Though female employees increase, women's work remains supplemental and additional.

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This thesis attempts to conduct a bibliographical research on the theory of the trinity formula in Karl Marx's “Capital”, and to reconstruct its uncompleted logic.
In the Chapter One, M. Rubel's recent research showed that he considered F. Engels had distorted the order in Marx's work and insisted that the distorted order could be recovered. I expounded in this thesis the reasons why F. Engels revised the order which had been directed by Marx himself. In this process of research, it is revealed that between 'fragments' and 'new writings' an important reorientation of Marx's perspective is involved. It is not limited to mere exposure of the absurdity of the 'trinity formula' which is an invulnerable belief in daily life of the capitalist society, but it is a leap to an explanation of the mechanism of its mysticism and perverted clarity-in-itself.
In the Chapter Two, I reconstructed the theory of the 'trinity formula', referring to the main stream of theme developed by M. Rubel's edition and the involvement of the reorientation of perspective suggested by F. Engels' version. In short, (1) criticism of the absurdity of the economic trinity consisting of “capital-interest, land-rent, labor-wages, ” (2) explanation of the real configuration in appropriation and distribution of wealth in the capitalist society, which is resulted by the key mechanism of Versachlichung (conversion of production relations into entities with estranged power), (3) vulgar economics' efforts and failure in dogmatization, (4) completion of mystification through the mechanism of Verdinglichung (conversion of social relations into mere things).
In this way, the capitalist society establishes itself with its perverted clarityin-itself in its dual construction of Versachlichung and Verdinglichung.

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The term “development” has two meanings, that is HATTEN and KAIHATSU, if expressed in Japanese. Human or social ecology stands for the former, but not always for the latter. This is the reason why this paper is titled as “Social Ecology, a Stydy For and Against the Developments”. Japanese terminology is so convenient for the distinction between the two meanings of “development”, that even the English summary of this paper dare to use Japanese words, Hatten and Kaihatsu.
Human beings need HATTEN forever. KAIHATSU is also needed, but it is to a certain degrees. Too much Kaihatsu brings about “pollution” problems. Clear distinction is needed between the two.
We know that the under-developed areas of the world still want Kaihatsu, even though the situation of recent Japan needs not so much Kaihatsu any more. The author estimates the contribution of “Ljubljana work-shop” held by I.S.A'S Research Committee for Social Ecology. The papers of following participants are here introduced for Japanese sociologists ; H. Teune, Greenfiled, Z. Mlinar, C. Trampuz, A. Ferlingoj, A. Lah, A. R. Kuklinski, D.C.Pitt, B. Ivanovic, P. Sicherl, R. Strassold, N. Mlakar, Econ, D. Vogelnik, E. Pusic, and so on.
Why is it that there are so eager world-wide desires for Kaihatsu? We can easily find out economic reasons. The author discusses on this point examining the data offered by the congress, beside the author's own findings of a month's excution all over the S. Republics belonging to Yugoslavia.
For all the reasons justifying Kaihatsu, we have to conclude as follows ; It has been the orthodox and traditional way to expect the “social change” on the basis of economic development indeed, but we must pay attention also to the “ecological limits”, on the consideration of eco-system which covers all the surface of the earth.
This conclusion might not always be acceptable for the people of “developing” countries, so long as the inhabitants of “developed” countries, including Japan, are adherent to the present standard of living.
But, is the ECONOMIC need the exclusive independent variable for the worldwide optimism on Kaihatsu? No. We might be able to distinguish ANOTHER contexts.
Here the role of “philosophical back-grounds” cannot escape our notice. Every philosophical back-ground provides every “frame of reference” for every people. It reflects historical formation. It is a valuable inheritance from the ancestors, but is often leads man to prejudice.
It is interesting that the most of optimistic views on Kaihatsu are held by men of European concepts. At the same time, too much pessimism might also be prejudicial. Concerning the Oriental pessimism on social changes, a contribution for the “Ljubljana Work-shop” titled as “Oriental Peculiarities of Japanese Ecological Theories” examined its' formation process. This paper points out the possibilities which tends to lead Oriental ecologists, including even the author himself, to a Kind of prejudice.
But the aim of that contribution is not only that. The paper suggests for European ecologists the need of self-examination on their own philosophical back-grounds. Exciting the readers' exotic curiosity is far from the aim of the author.
The Work-shop consisted of four parts ; theoretical part, Methodological part, part for data analysis, and part for application. But, to our regret, it was unable to find adequate room for the discussion of each participant's philosophical back-grounds.
A sociologist without philosophical self-reflection is never different from an under-strapper of Nazi. Jail, who was very eagerly engaging in the scientific investigation for the most effective technology of the murder.

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