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Volume 30 (1979 - 198･･･
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Volume 30, Issue 4
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Hiroo Fujita1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 2-16
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhat sort of social character has Japanese city? Recent Urban Sociology doesn't try to ask such a total question. Rather, resent study has been made some progress by analyzing micro urban phenomenon. Among these situations, district group has been center of urban study. Especially the research of “Chonaikai” has been most concentrated. Not only has been pointed out that Chonaikai has the strong power to live itself, but also it has been said that the inclusive and territorial form of Chonaikai organization originate from Japanese Culture.
On the other hand, adjacent sciences, like Economics, Politics, Law and History have made it clear that the centralized authority of Japan has decisive effect on the formation of the social characters of city.
I should like to find out social character of Japanese cities, connecting relatively centralized authorities with Chonaikai of Macro and Micros. I will try here to show the following thing clearly : that is one of the characters of cities of our countrys, at least compared with those of European countries, have been devided to the inside of the cities by national state, as nothing but administrative unit of national state.View full abstractDownload PDF (2331K) -
Takako Hirano, Michiko Kanda, Koichiro Kobayashi, Joanna Liddle1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 17-37
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently the problem of enlarging the number of career women in responsible posts and promoting as regards to sex has been the main topic in this field. However, there are still many barriers lying ahead before this can be realized.
The authors analized disadvantages to women in job-obtaining and promotion as well as their attitudes in surmounting these disadvantages. The objects of this analysis were mainly women of socially high position engaged in special/administrative posts and whose responsibilities are the same as man who hold similar posts.
Disadvantages to women in employment opportunities were clearly seen in each stage of recruiting, application and employment, respectively. There were many indications that the degree of disadvantage was different according to the method in which they obtained jobs, their posts and marital status. In the posts which had close relevancy to women's role, disadvantage tended to be not so high. In many cases disadvantage in promotion resulted from a difference in working assignment due to gender. It was typically seen in the case of transefer to another post or whenever a shift of position occurred. One can't deny the influence of generally accepted idea in Japan which dislikes women being placed in charge of men. It should be apparent that the playing of sexes, especially the job-sharing concept between both sexes, had serious, influence on the above mentioned barriers.
As regards the attitudss of women in surmounting these barriers, the following two types were clearly seen.
1. Positive attitude to work hard and to demonstrate their abilities by comforming to the criterion of estimation by men.
2. Negative attitude to voluntarily let promotion or a chance of making good results go in order to remain in their present job. It is important to note that in these cases they carry heavy roles in their own household management.
The above analysis leads to the hypothesis on women's jobs in relation to women's role and also on women's job obtaining patterns and their career process in relation to their roles in household management.
It follows from the authors' analysis so far that the pattern is : in the early stage of women going out to get jobs they worked until marriage in the posts which have small relevancy to women's role have to cope with many difficult problems, especially when they have small children.View full abstractDownload PDF (3242K) -
Mikio Sakamoto1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 38-54
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which representatives of Japanese corporations residing temporarily in Sao Paulo share ethnic identity with second and third generation Japanese Brazilians. The former are asked whether they consider the latter as Japanese and to give reasons for their opinion. The reasons are analyzed in terms of Wagatsuma and Yoneyama's six conditions of “Japaneseness” - “unique physical features, ” “fluency in the Japanese language, ” “Japanese citizenship, ” “Japanese national character, ” “Japanese blood, ” and “born in Japan.” The results of the analysis is summarized in the following hypothesis : Given the conceptual distinction between “race” and “ethnicity, ” the representatives of Japanese corporations in Sao Paulo do not consider the Japanese Brazilians as Japanese. The contact patterns of the two groups are examined and a simplified social distance scale is applied to test this hypothesis. The findings, while not conclusive, clearly indicate that representatives of Japanese corporations in Sao Paulo are disinclined to share ethnic identity with Japanese Brazilians. The latter, in turn, through their contact with the former, strenghten their awareness of being not Japanese but Japanese Brazilian.View full abstractDownload PDF (2133K) -
-A case of Ponape Micronesia-Yoko Morioka1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 55-72,127
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAvoidance has been one of important subjects in the study of kinship. Previous studies of avoidance have focussed on difference of categories such as sex (the incest taboo, Oedipus complex), generation, age or membership of some kin group. The present study, however, analyses Ponapean avoidance in a different context and scheme. In this paper, avoidance is defined as a kind of social distance between two individuals who occupy the particular status and roles.
Ponapean avoidance, called “pel” relationship is closely related with respect, authority, value standards, and status and roles of person concerned. Interconnections between avoidance and these factors are analysed in relation to the structural models of ponapean society, and compared with avoidance in Truk. Through these analysis, it is made clear that avoidance has an integrative function in Ponapean society.View full abstractDownload PDF (2529K) -
Takeshi Shimizu1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 73-80,126
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJapanese Development has two meanings in its term. Which is right the term of “Development” with Prof. Okada ask for us human or social ecology insist on Hatten or Kaihatsu.
According to my personal opinion, ecology stand for control the Development of nature, but it has the meaning Hatten has not Kaihatsu.
Because, Japanese speciality of “Mujokan” conclude the factor of Hatten concerning the social change gradually.
After modern recent time, in our country, human ecology appeared with “Development” means Kaihatsu-a study facilitate Development.
I wish to inquire into the reason of Kaihatsu about social ecology in Japan.
The notion of Kaihatsu about Japanese social ecology are due to modern recent time merchant's worth living and highest order in Japan Merchant-Chonin-their economic action to aquire his own interests.
Merchant-Chonin, at that time in Japan operate the class of samurai, ruler of Japanese feudalism society behind their back, so their remote control based on financial ability, consist on the notion of Kaihatsu in Japan.
Supremacy of Japanese Merchant-Chonin, with ecomomic aspect, they have the initiative of social change and continuation.
Meet the Japanese restoration era in Meiji, Merchant-Chonin and low class samurai, Powerlessness people in the old feudal government, changing suddenly, jump on the surface of social structure.
Add to European Depression for Japan, fallen in us crisis to keep the independent of our country, the action of pursuit of Private benifit, and profit becomes to advance to belief.
Under the mask of serve take off and establish the national capitalism, public interest and public welfare, merahant deed of profit acqwsition makes furn into outhodox thought of Japanese people.
Seek after private interests look upon always goodness, absolutely. Our traditional “Mujokan” means Hatten, change into Kaihatsu at that aspect.
We have to gaze, what is remain behind take away from the recent modern time comouflaged worth of Living and conception of the world, lead by commercialism consist on since middle era of Tokugawa feudalism society. I take up enlightenment philosopher Yukichi Fukuzawa, for the purpose of research for the Japanese traditional view of value, penetrate for “Mujo-kan” -through, the “Mu” -nothing accomplish the self realize without pursuit our own interest-possessed with aquire material world or make for tune.
If that the case of calling of economic amimal toward the Japanese, found on our tradition, our racial spirit and natonality?View full abstractDownload PDF (1460K) -
Toshihiko Kodama1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 81-87,125
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of 'sociology of science' is to investigate the social and cultural factors having influence on the development of science, especially on natural science. This discipline was originated from R.K. Merton's work, “Science, Technology & Society in 17th century England” (1938). In this work, Merton made a research in the social-cultural environment of natural science stood at macroscopic point of view.
After world war II, Merton's research was focused on the function of scientific communities, i.e. societies of scientists. In this context, the tacit assumptions brought in by him and his disciples are
(1) the function of scientific communities is the most important factor having influence on the development of science,
(2) the real scientific method is the organized empirical method,
(3) scientists always migrate from one research area to another so that they can 'produce' articles much effectively and gain high reputation.
In 1970's, new groups of sociology of scientists began to criticize these points. One of main trends is channeled by T. Kuhn's “paradigm thesis”. This group made an assertion that science did not develop continuously, but that the mode of science changed discontinuously and in a Gestalt-like way. Sociologists of this group are investigating the inner structures of scientific communities from the empirical point of view. In this approach, one of the most useful techniques is regarded to be 'co-citation analysis' adopted by H.G. Small.View full abstractDownload PDF (1164K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 88-91
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (491K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 91-93
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (404K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 94-96
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (362K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 96-100
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (764K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 100-104
Published: March 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (826K)
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