Japanese Sociological Review
Online ISSN : 1884-2755
Print ISSN : 0021-5414
ISSN-L : 0021-5414
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Volume 70, Issue 4
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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Articles
  • The Act of Labor of Handmade-Housewives
    About the Housewife’s Handmade Products and the Boundary of the Spheres between the Public and the Private
    Wakako SATOMURA
    2020 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 325-342
    Published: 2020
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2021
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.70.325
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This report aims to clarify the fluctuation of separate spheres between the public and the private that social science after modern premised. Specifically, this paper examines it through fieldwork to housewives of the handmade group “Sakka-san” through the research question why they can sell their handmade craft. This paper presents how they discover their resources in the private sphere and how they stand in the market and maintain relations within the group and between companions. Accordingly, this paper highlights how “Sakka-san” protrudes without realizing the boundary of the separate spheres.
    Furthermore, I focus on not only their name “Sakka-san” but also on the low price of their work. Their name alludes to their motto that is “less than professional but more than amateur”.
    Although “Sakka-san” is comprised of housewives, they sell their work. For that reason, the framework of the separation between the public and private spheres cannot capture them. On the other hand, it cannot be said that they are free from the both of spheres. They are placed in subordination because of gender. No matter how creative and autonomous society they are, they intend to indicate the alternative to overturn the conventional labor model.
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  • The Managerial Aspect of Household Labor
    Focusing on Managing/Organizing Time
    Minoru YAGISHITA
    2020 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 343-359
    Published: 2020
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2021
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.70.343
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    A number of researches have focused on household labor to uncover gender inequality. Previous quantitative research on household labor has conceptualized household labor as including time-consuming tasks such as cooking, dishwashing, or cleaning rooms. This conceptualization was criticized because it does not include the management aspect of household labor. Based on this criticism, I argue that managing and organizing time are indispensable factors of household labor. In addition, findings of previous research suggest that women undertake that kind of household labor in Japan.
    To support my argument with an exploratory analysis, I used the Japanese Life Course Panel Surveys and fixed effects models to estimate the changes in the timings of waking up, going out, coming home, and going to bed, after women and men marry or have a child. Results show that waking up, coming home, and going to bed are completed earlier for married men and women than for the never married. Women wake up, come home, and go to bed earlier when they have a child. Men’s timings for these activities are less responsive to having a child than women’s. Findings suggest that, the responsibility of restructuring time use in their daily lives to meet the increased demands of household labor after the birth of a child, is borne by women.
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  • Nurse’s View of Life and Death as Peaceful Death
    Emotional Labor for Dying Patients
    Meiko NAKATA
    2020 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 360-378
    Published: 2020
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2021
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.70.360
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper aims to ascertain how nurses change emotions on the death of patients as they witness death many times. The paper interviewed twelve nurses who had several years of experience. Among these, two interviewees revealed significant changes from the beginning of their nursing careers and after they witnessed the deaths of many patients, hence the paper examined the interviews of these two nurses in detail. The results revealed that novice nurses feel surprised or puzzled when they encounter the death of a patient. There was a tendency among novice nurses to avoid any involvement with such patients because they carry the mental burden of their relationship after the death of these patients. However, after witnessing the deaths of many patients, nurses became actively involved with dying patients and their families, and their emotions towards death changed to sorrow since they knew the life history of the patients beyond their diseases.
    This paper discusses why nurses experience these changes. Since they have experienced the death of many patients, nurses have formed a perspective of life and death as peaceful death. First, they have recognized that eventually everyone will die; second, it is ideal that no pain or regret should remain to patients; third, the professional attitude of the nurses intervenes to realize an ideal death for the patients. I contend that this change in the view of life and death has helped the nurses to overcome the mental burden and encouraged them to be involved with dying patients. This involvement of the nurses with their patients can be what Hochschild discussed as an emotional labor, because the nurses managed the emotions of others, by involving the dying patients and their families, so that they had no regret. The nurses managed their own emotions and inducing their sentiments by listening to the patient ’s life history, or suppressing their feelings by viewing life and death as peaceful death.
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  • The Meaning of “Visiting” and “Returning” from Evacuation Site in the Reconstruction Process from a Nuclear Disaster
    Tomoki YOKOYAMA
    2020 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 379-396
    Published: 2020
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2021
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.70.379
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper examines the meaning and the reason why evacuees visited their original residence from evacuation sites frequently and returned soon after the nuclear disaster in the case of Haramachi ward, Minamisoma city, Fukushima Prefecture. This paper also analyzes the temporal change in the life structure of nuclear disaster victims and clarifies how evacuees visited and returned to their original residences and were connected to the “reconstruction process” for recovery from damage and adaptation to a new environment. The following three aspects characterize the “reconstruction process”. First, it is based on the regional uniqueness and historical continuity of the life structure, and has been aimed at rebuilding these over time in the process of “visiting and returning”. Second, although recovery and adaptation differ between early returnees in urban areas and long-term evacuees in rural areas, the social process of reconstruction is formed by supporting each other. Third, it emerges as a practice in an attempt to fill the gap which the “early return” policy has treated as equivalent, between cancelling the instruction of forced evacuation, return from evacuation, life reconstruction, and reconstruction of the area.
    The reconstruction policy after the nuclear disaster has forced evacuees to select the “early return or immigration” by evacuation order cancellation without sufficient institutional security and restoration, and to rebuilding their lives. As a result, they were forced to divide socially and abandon their local life. However, they have formed the “reconstruction process” by resisting the “reconstruction” that the government tries to force and, social disorganization by “visiting and returning” from evacuation sites.
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  • “Solidarität” as Semantics of the Social State
    A Case Study of the Social Policy in Germany during the 19th Century
    Kosuke SAKAI
    2020 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 397-412
    Published: 2020
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2021
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.70.397
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This article aims to clarify the role of “solidarity” in the development of the German Sozialstaat as a variation of concepts that sustain the ideal formation of the welfare state.
    Although previous studies have emphasized the historical importance of the social democratic milieu and its labor movement under the concept of solidarity in Germany, they have not taken into account the conceptual usage in the concrete legalization processes of social insurance through debates about social problems.
    From the perspective of semantic analysis, which focuses on the differences in the efficiency of the concepts in various organizations or institutions, this paper scrutinizes the discourses of politicians in the ruling party and bureaucrats from the 1860s to the 1880s. It thus attempts to learn about the social problems they faced and how these were dealt with using the vocabulary of solidarity as a semantics of sovereign practices.
    For policymakers in this period, one reason for social problems like poverty and the deterioration of the working environment was that both employers and employees failed to recognize their own interests. Thus, policymakers found it necessary to define both sides of interests and construct “the solidarity of interests（Solidarität der Interessen）,” thereby intervening in the private systems of insurance.
    These findings indicate that the connotation of “Solidarität” in 19th-century Germany worked not only as a fighting concept for the labor movement but also as a notion to justify political intervention, connecting the divided interest groups. The concept of solidarity, a historical branch of “the social,” was refined in Germany under the rationality of sovereign practices, thus reducing other possibilities of conceptualization.
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