Japanese Sociological Review
Online ISSN : 1884-2755
Print ISSN : 0021-5414
ISSN-L : 0021-5414
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Volume 65, Issue 4
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Special Issue
  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 454-464
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.454
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • The Appropriation and Representation of Visual Images of the Subjects of Social Problems
    Tomiaki YAMADA
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 465-485
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.465
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In order to study the visual images including photographs and videos qualitatively, we have to take up the problem of the “appropriation of images” (Kleinman et al. eds. 1997=2011), especially when we study the visual images recording the cases of social problems and the discrimination. The appropriation means the unintended or intended transformation of visual images into the terrible tragedy so as to attract the compassionate attention from the audience, which could not be avoided in the globalized capitalist market; the poor people experiencing it would be laden with stereotypical and decontextualized sad stories.
    Our task, then, is to scrutinize and examine the validity and the features of the appropriation of visual images and to contextualize them again in a proper historical and social milieu so that the people involved could also participate in estimating and appreciating the adequacy of the visual images, No efforts should be spared to gain consent from the subjects of the visual images concerning the moral status of representation so that those images would become the moral witness of the social problems.
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  • Utilising Different Research Methods for the Study of a Depressed Fishing Community in the 1960s:
    TV Documentary and Folkloristic Study
    Naoko TAKEDA
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 486-503
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.486
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This study examines different perspectives demonstrated by two social researches conducted in the same fishing village in the 1960s. One of these was a study based on the folkloristic method and the other was a TV documentary.
    Fishermen and their families have been living and working in their fishing-boats for generations in Innoshima, Hiroshima Prefecture. At the time of the study and documentary, poverty was widespread and educational opportunities were limited for some children as they were needed to assist in their family's fishing labour.
    The staffs of NHK made two documentary programmes based on their research. They focused on the problems of poverty and social dilemmas.Moreover, they were particularly interested in the community children's home by social welfare. Presence of a clear sense of social stratification and economic inequality made the site valuable as a historical record.
    On the other hand, the folkloristic study did not refer to the population of illiterate children in the village. Though literacy was low in fishermen's families, many fishing songs were preserved. The folklorists focused on the traditional lifestyle that was able to maintain a distinctive culture. The folkloristic study highlighted the great significance of oral history.
    The findings of both studies are vital for a comprehensive understanding of a depressed fishing community in the 1960s.
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  • Visual Material Sharing and Hereto Relevant Rights:
    Some Discussions Based on Cases of Folkloric Video Production in the National Museum of Japanese History
    Junko UCHIDA
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 504-520
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.504
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The present discussions concern problems of visual material sharing and hereto relevant rights based on cases of folkloric video production in the National Museum of Japanese History. Production, conservation and utilization of visual materials imply in long terms such problems to solve, as technology to convert media, archive construction to share materials, legal questions of copyright and personality rights, etc. Visual works of folklore studies that are cooperative products of researchers and target people reflect intimately relationship of their cooperation. So there are ethical problems to discuss specific to folklore studies concerning concervation and utilization of those works in addition to general problems of copyright and personality rights.
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  • Discourses on Radiation Exposure:
    Understanding the “Present” Anxiety through Television
    Miyoko ENOMOTO
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 521-540
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.521
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In this paper, I argue on how the risk and anxiety of radioactive exposure after the Great East Japan Earthquake should be presented in TV programs. Many people in Japan still have much interest and anxiety about the effects of radioactive contamination, but a unified consensus about what kind of influence does radiation exposure have on us has not been reached among experts. Generally, TV programs are expected to be easily understandable; however, differences among experts on the evaluation and judgment of radioactive effects remain.
    I analyze the TV programs on radioactive exposure related with not only the Fukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant disaster but also the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombings and Chernobyl disaster because the purpose of this paper is to extract the commonalities of the radiation exposure discourses.
    I analyze TV programs broadcasted since 1986 within the database of archives that can be easily accessed, such as the ‘NHK on-demand’ on the Web and the ‘Broadcast Library’ in the Broadcast Programming Center of Japan. I also use some TV programs which are broadcasted around March 11, 2014. They were collected by myself.
    I pay attention to the construction of scientific reality based on “laypeople's discourse” and “numeric data.”
    By analyzing the discourses on radiation exposure through several decades, we find that experts have failed to explain influence of the radioactivity radiation exposure clearly . Many experts explain that the status of anxiety and interest in the “present” transferred to the “future” as being vague.
    I analyze not only discourses of experts but also those of laypeople; as a result, we realize the importance of the role of laypeople in understanding the explanations of experts on TV. When experts talk about radiation with scientific uncertainty, laypeople's discourses support them so that they are easily comprehensible for the audience of the TV programs.
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  • Developing of Television Programs Archives and the Pursuit of New Qualitative Research
    Mamoru ITO
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 541-556
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.541
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Since the 1990s, moving images archives have been widespread means of and Media and Film studies. This paper explores the urgency with which the moving images archival project in Japan has been approached, noting that similar archives in French and United States of America tend to be more substantial in regards to the collecting and conserving of materials, and the access of these materials to the public. This paper then examines the advantages and weakness of qualitative research methods by using the specific case study of television programs archives. Its strengths include an advanced objectivity, pertaining to the openness and accessibility of research materials. However there are issues regarding the limits of this conventional mode of analysis. This paper ultimately seeks to offer a way addressing this weakness in regards to research analyzing television program archives, specifically in regards to the relationship between image and sound, between subject and producer and to certain kinds of interviews. Discourse analysis is offered as an effective alternative in the construction of this alternate method.
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  • Digital Archives as the Ways for Knowledge Recycling in the 21st Century
    Shunya YOSHIMI
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 557-573
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.557
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The digital revolution continuously changes structure of the social memory. Although the large quantities of information has been reprinted and circulated by the mass communication technology in these five centuries, the digital technology began to transform the knowledge production from ‘production/circulation/consumption’ to ‘accumulation/search/reuse’ in the 21st century. In this new dimension of knowledge recycling, the ‘past’ comes to be never disappeared. It becomes the accumulated resource through which the “creative recycling” of the new cultural values emerge. The old documentary films become the effective “resources” of new education, and the digital data of old scripts become the base creating the new drama. In this new knowledge recycling system, there are three conditions need to be developed. At first we need to make the list of property of the past cultural resources in various forms widespread in this society. Secondly, we need to push forward the standardization of meta-data system of the archives by the common format. In this process of standardization, the open access and the horizontal integration of archival data are also essential. Thirdly, it becomes necessary to make the ‘digital archivist’ as the specialist for new cultural system. We need not only develop the educational curriculum in universities, but also establish the profession with the stable institutional status in the society. In the archive of the digital age, the objects for the preservation are never limited to the official documents of the administration. For example, the images photographed by local people and information of mass media need to be included together in the archives for future generation. The whole those information is tied across a border in the globalized world.
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Articles
  • Sociological Study on Self-Construction Using Psychiatric Technologies:
    From the Viewpoint of Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy Users
    Katsuya KUSHIHARA
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 574-591
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.574
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper focuses on those who use psychiatric technologies (i. e., pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy) in order to adapt to social life. The spread of treatments based on psychopharmacology and clinical psychology has advanced in recent years, which has brought about a shift in psychiatric treatment from the application of the psychoanalytic or psychological approach to the modification of biological factors or visible behaviors. Nikolas Rose regards the permeation of this management technology as the governmentality in the “flattened out” self.,
    I empirically explored the governmentality in this flattened out self through interviews with six people who had received some medical treatment in psychiatric medical institutions. These interviews offered two types of narratives: “personality-based narratives” and “situation-based narratives.” Personality-based narratives constitute the selves associated with one's life history or the relation with their parents in a psychological context, whereas situation-based narratives constitute the selves who intend to correct problematic thoughts or behaviors arising from their social life in a limited context.
    These two types of narratives are affected by a division of the structure of psychiatric treatment. As a result of the partial permeation of the government through this flattened out self, the selves targeted for treatment are also divided. That is to say, on one hand, governmentality in psychiatry produce flattened out selves in order for selves to adapt to social environments, but on the other hand, the selves turn back to the psychological theme by referring to the domain called “deep psychic space,” and support the governmentality in functioning as a driving force, which produces potentially treatable subjects and evokes the necessity for treating their mental problems.
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  • The Effects of Gender on the Scientific Productivity of University Professors
    Jun SAKANASHI
    2015 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 592-610
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.65.592
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This article examines the difference between male and female university professors' scientific productivity. Many researchers have shown that male productivity tends to be higher than that of females; however, some other variables should be taken into account besides gender. It is necessary to test whether gender can be a determinant variable of scientific productivity even under conditions where other variables are controlled. The analysis was based on data collected through a questionnaire in 2010 that targeted university professors of a Japanese public university. The dependent variable was the number of academic articles by the professors in one year. It was found that the mean number of articles published by males was higher than that of females by approximately one. Next, the ordinary least squares regression and negative binomial regression models, which included other dependent variables, were adapted, and the variables of career length, number of classes, number of meetings, length of business and research trips, research areas, and academic ranks were measured. The results showed that gender did not explain the number of articles when we controlled other variables. On one hand, research areas and the length of business and research trips significantly explained the number of articles. For example, compared with medical professors, others tended to be less productive, with the exception of those in agriculture. In addition, the more one travelled, the more productive one was. The other dependent variables, family situations such as marriage and child-rearing status, and interactions between these with gender did not explain productivity. In conclusion, gender did not explain productivity in terms of the number of published articles when we controlled other variables. In addition, the significance of business and research trips in relation to productivity is a new finding. This suggests that providing researchers with greater support and opportunities for travel may boost productivity.
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