Japanese Sociological Review
Online ISSN : 1884-2755
Print ISSN : 0021-5414
ISSN-L : 0021-5414
Volume 31, Issue 4
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Otohiko Hasumi
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 2-15
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In preparing for the symposium on“The Analysis of Japanese Society Today” scheduled in 1982, Japan Sociological Society settled the special session for “Local Community in Japan-1970's” in her 53 rd assembly. This article is based on my presentation in this special session. Considering these situation, it would be required to concern on such items in my presentation, that (1) overview on the changes of rural society in 1970's, (2) analysis on the characteristics of agricultural or rural policies in the decade, (3) critics on the rural sociological studies concerning on these changes and characteristics. Though in this paper it was aimed to dealt only with the second and the third items.
    As one of the recent trends the emphasis on the importance of the village community is discovered in some rural policies in 1970's. Related with these trends, also the discussion against the studies of village community in rural sociology in 1950's and 60's are expanding. Through the considerations on these trends, stress is layed on the necessity of tightly related analysis of following traits in the present stage of highly developed capitalism : the intricated meanings of rural policy, the refracted forms of class structure of peasantry, and the specific traits in disorganisation of village community.
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  • Susumu Kurasawa
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 16-31
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    After defining the basic concepts of Urbanization and urban way of life, basic social trends in '70 s are analysed in terms of following five statements :
    1. Massive rural-urban migration is becoming stabilized : of 48 administrative regions only one, namely Tokyo, is loosing its population.
    2. Composition of urban population is becoming mature : sex and age composition is recovering its balance.
    3. Urban way of life is approaching to its typical form in metropolitan communities and spreading all over the whole country : formation of “Urbanized Society of Japan”.
    4. Expansion of built-up area doubling the total built-up area in thirty years and occurrence of local conflicts in these newly built-up areas.
    5. Meanwhile the professional dealing system as the core of urban way of life disclosed its limitations in many ways.
    These basic social trends lead social planners, policy makers and opinion leaders of the nation to a common orientation. Increasing importance of government investment in the basic conditions of living, the growing importance of local amenity and local indigenous culture has been widely recognized among them. Many policy schemes launched during '70s and set-up of “Community Building” as a societal goal are the result of this recognition.
    Lastly contributions of sociogists both in practical and in theoretical fields are referred to. Among them new developments in the theory of urban way of life and that of community as a societal goal would be of most importance.
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  • In connection with social relations in a loosely structured social system
    Haruo Kuroyanagi
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 32-50
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this paper is to investigate the actual condition of parent-child relationship in the rural Javanese family, making it clear that a weak family or group membership of Javanese villagers fundamentally originates in the way of children's socialization in each family.
    It may be safely said that Java has a loosely structured social system. One of the reasons seems to be that a group membership of Javanese villagers is such a weak one that the alternatives of their behaviours are very much permitted in various aspects of their lives. These attitudes of theirs, I think, are formed by children's socialization in each family.
    The contents of this paper are as follows :
    (1) I aim to take a general view of the studies which have ever been done with regard to the nature of Javanese social relations, the social change or the stagnation of modernization in rural Java, comparing Julius H. Boek's views with those of Clifford Geertz's.
    (2) Some distinguishing features of the family structure in rural Java the weakness of a family membership of Javanese villagers.
    (3) The Javanese parent-child relations and their development in the various stages of life ; distinction in mother-child relations which are intimate and reliant ; ambivalence in the relations between father and child.
    (4) The contents and meanings of “urmat” (respect) and “rukun” (harmony, co-operation, unity of effort, minimization of conflicts) which are the very cores of home discipline ; children's internalization of them in the stages of their upbringing.
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  • From the view of the case study in the rural communities with the mixed inhabitants in the suburbs of Kanazawa City
    Kazuyuki Hashimoto
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 51-74
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is said that Mura (Hamlet) has been disorganized since 1960. But the phenomena of disorganization appear in various ways. The unbalanced development in different regions has come to be clear.
    The extending of dominance is the principle of order in accordance with the unbalanced development and the disorganization of Mura (Hamlet). It is fundamentally the burocratic order as a unitary dominance of centralization. But obedience is expected to change into spontaneity. In this sense, the burocratic dominance is made possible only by the agents at the smallest unit of the structure.
    But, as is obvious from the view of petition relations, the tendency to deny such a burocratic dominance has been discovered on the side of regional inhabitants. Here is a “modern” significance in dominance, and it undermines the bottom of the rural structure based upon the agency system in the postwar Japan.
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  • Kenichiro Okazawa
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 75-90
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The term ethos originated in Greek has been used by many sociologists. Though its meaning seems to be clear, its conceptual, especially sociological, meaning is still vague to us. It is not too much to say that there are as many definitions of this term as there are sociologists. Therefore the question leaves room for discussion.
    As many sociologists refer to the ethos from their own points, this paper tries to make clear the meaning of the term ethos in conformity with the contexts in which they are used. And it is the main theme for this paper to take out the most effective sociological meaning from their different definitions.
    From the point of comparative analysis of the carrier of the ethos, sociologists are divided into three groups. First are the scholars, like W.G. Sumner, H. Bonner and A.L. Epstein, who regard nation, society, and group as the carrier of the ethos.For example, Bonner, who defined the ethos as “a system of values and ideals, ” described the ethos of the Japanese, Germans, and Americans. Second are the scholars, like M. Scheler and H. Freyer, who consider both nation and individuals to be the carrier. According to Freyer, the ethos is not only “Willensgehalt” or “Willensrichtung, ” but also “Erkenntniswille” which is carried by individuals. Third are the scolars, like M. Weber and R.K. Merton, who take social stratum to be the carrier. Weber did not define the term ethos clearly. But he seemed to think the ethos was “Gesinnung, ” “ethisches Verhalten, ” and “Lebensfuhrung, ” and its carrier was social stratum. Merton is under the influence of Weber's idea, because he pointed out “beliefs” as one of the components of the ethos, and analyzed the ethos of scifentists.
    On the basis of this comparative analysis I have just mentioned above, this paper proves the ethos is “Gesinnung, ” which is carried by social stratum or members in big organizations.
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  • Comment on “the note on the sociology of population” by Kikuchi
    Makoto Nohara Atoh
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 91-97
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the recent issue of this Journal, Mr.Yoshiki Kikuchi wrote about the rapid fertility decline since 1973 in Japan. He implied in it that the recent low fertility in Japan, measured by total fertility rates, reflected the decrease in birth intention of the average married couple toward less than two children. Based on the assumption that fertility behavior of Japanese women changed fundamentally in 1970's, he attempted population projections in which he assumed women would have only 1. 5 children on average in the future Japan.
    In my judgement, such argument is totally unwarranted. There has been no significant change in the legal status and the extent of actual prevalence of birth control measures in around early 1970's. In this respect Japanese situation is completely different from the Western countries where the diffusion of modern contraceptive methods and the liberalization of induced abortion presumably contributed to the recent fertility decline there.
    No evidence has shown that Japanese married couples have changed their fertility dramatically toward less than two children. Mean number of children ever born for 1955-1965 marriage cohorts were almost invariably about 2.2 and the total intended number of children was also 2.2 on average for more recent marriage cohorts.
    Although such social and economic changes as industrialization, urbanization, the rising aspirations for living, and the rise of educational level, may have been conducive to the long-run low fertility in Japan, they cannot explain the recent abrupt decline in period fertility rates. Also, there has been no significant change in married women's status either within or out of home.
    The major reason for the recent decline in period fertility rates is the simultaneous rise in the mean age at marriage for both sexes since 1973, which is, in turn, not only due to the abrupt shrinkage of the size of younger age cohorts in the marriage market after the “baby boom” cohort, but also due to the recent rise in the proportion of women entering colleges. Fragmentary data seem to indicate that marital fertility itself has declined recently, but this should be interpreted not as the decline in completed fertility but as the temporal decline due to the spacing of childbearing.
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  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 98-110
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 111-115
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (589K)
  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 115-118
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (495K)
  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 119-121
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (362K)
  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 121-125
    Published: March 31, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (558K)
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