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Volume 39 (1988 - 198･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 374-
- Issue 3 Pages 230-
- Issue 2 Pages 102-
- Issue 1 Pages 2-
Volume 39, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Kiyomi Morioka1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 230-237,371
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith the purpose of interconnecting the three main papers in this special issue on “Social Position of Women in Contemporary Society, ” I approach the interrelationships among various roles played by contemporary women from the theoretical standpoint of life course. I regard the life course of an individual as an age-specific configuration of various careers (familial, educational, occupational, social and so on) with 'a biological growth cycle' at its core, and pay special attention to inter-and intra-generational role conflicts centering around the care of children, the sick and the old, which are made inevitable by the entwining and interlocking life courses of close relatives. I clarify conceptually that women rather than men have been obliged to carry these role conflicts because women are directly charged with supporting the growth cycle, in the form of career conflicts bewteen their familial and other careers including occupational one. I materialize this through a cohort analysis of contemporary changes in the life course of women, and finally attempt to identify the possible ways of overcoming career conflicts of women inside as well as outside of the family, in the hope of serving as an introduction to the three following articles that treat familial, educational and occupational aspects of women's problem respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1215K) -
Yoriko Meguro1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 238-249,371
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 07, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper intends to evaluate the contemporary family study frameworks from the standpoint of women's status and power and to identify the needed direction of the future family studies.
The overriding perspective in family studies have been challenged by at least two streams. The first one is related to the changing situations of women and family in the real world. The challenge to family theories based on the assumption that the family is the women's world comes from the societal change which does no longer support the assumptions of “family as a group” and the two-parenthood. The increase in the married-women's participation in the labor market and in divorce rate seems to have contributed most to such a change. Another challenge comes from feminist theories. They view the interplay of patriarchy and capitalism as the basic source of structured male control over female. The notion that the modern conjugal family is egalitarian which is free of the patriarchal domination is challenged.
Some theories of family change with cross-cultural comparative perspectives and resource/exchange theories using the notions of resources and legitimacy contribute to the analysis of the conjugal power relations in the context of the individualization of the family. Together with the interest in social equality, longitudinal approaches are essential to the understanding of the present time.View full abstractDownload PDF (1450K) -
Misako Nishiyama1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 250-265,370
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAfter the enforcement of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, women workers have the legal rights of opportunities for career choice and promotion in a company.
Women workers face a new pattern of multi-linear personnel management. In this personnel management, the career development path is constructed by the job families. Freshmen and freshwomen are asked to select one of the job families. The job families are divided into two or three or four according to cases ; they are Ippan-shoku (regular workers), S g -shoku (executives), Senmon-shoku (specialists and technicians), and Foriegn workers. A freshwoman is assigned to the executive course or regular workers' course by her decision making and her aptitude. Workers can change to a different line of job families in their career paths.
The main differences of both the executive course line and the regular course line exist in the jobs, the promotion levels, the pay system, the presence of periodic transfers, and the merit-rating factors. Each weight of merit-rating factor is that an executive is estimated by performance > ability > emotion and exertion, and that a regular worker is estimated by emotion and exertion > ability > performance, where > means “being given heavier weights.” This way of weights on merit-rating factors means that the regular workers' jobs are the assistant or typical pattern jobs. Many women workers are the regular workers.
These divided courses reflect the modification of personnel management from the ranking system by seniority to the ability management in recent Japan. The ability management system and the multi-linear management system is accepted in many companies for further advancement. There is, however, imperfection and inmaturity of the equal employment opportunity for women workers.
A constant negotiation for equal opportunity in organization is necessary between the workers' union and the company. Changes of social consciousness are necessary to recognize various career development paths and a career choice by worker's self-decision making.View full abstractDownload PDF (2170K) -
Reviews and PerspectivesMasako Amano1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 266-283,370
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSchooling, compared with other areas of life such as family, working, politics and so on, is the sphere where the sexual inequality is invisible and “the illusion of equality” is dominant. In the modern society, education is seemed basically “achievement oriented” and meritocratic institution. Pupils and students are evaluated and selected based on their academic-achievement in the educational institutions. Therefore, as for women's opportunities to enter the advanced institutions, it is considered to be opened regardless their gender and they are admitted based on their records and attainment. Women's enrolment into the higher education, though they concentrate upon the junior colleges and are maldistributed to the particular departments, even in the four-year universities is seemed as the result of their own “free” and voluntary choice. But is it really true?
The institution of education in the industrialized society functions as the mechanism of socialization, social selection and distribution. The social expectation of “the sexual asymmetry” and the dynamic process of its internalization into the pupils are hidden in these functions of socialization and selection.
The gender, as an independent variable, does not regulate the educational output directly and overtly. Within the educational institution, ther are different throughputs, and the positive experimental research and analysis about these throughputs has just begun.
From this viewpoint, as the basic work for the future development of researches and analysis, I like to examine (1) the change of perspectives in the research on “education and equality” (2) trace the new trend of researches about the inside process of school to find out the throughputs, and (3) clarify the hidden mechanism of generating the inequality by gender to present the new perspectives of the research on “gender and education.”View full abstractDownload PDF (2337K) -
Kikuko Kato1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 284-298,369
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe central issue of this paper is the new theory explaining the three-generation family in contemporary Japan instead of the “ie” theory. Theoretical and empirical bases are presented for considering the conditions on which the three-generation family is formed. A three-generation family is composed of two nuclear families ; the parents' family and their children's family, I derive some hypotheses based on previous findings of family developmental tasks and relationships between the parents and their married children.
1. The parents and their married children find merits in living together. If they find no merits, they break the three-generation family down into two nuclear families.
2. They live together and create a family system, which has the effective function in coping with difficulties at the critical stages of life. At the same time, some mechanism is necessary to relieve tension between the two generations.
I compared the three-generation family with the nuclear family regarding parent-offspring relationships and resources. Important findings include :
1. The three-generation family has more resources than the nuclear family. The forming of a three-generation family has two kinds of merits. One is the manifest merit of the reduction of expenses of housing or food, and the exchange of help for care. The other is a latent merit, the relief of loneliness. Married children receive help from parents during the early stages, and parents receive help from children during the aging family stage.
2. Living together sometimes gives rise to emotional conflict between the two generations. Wisdom is necessary to avoid this. It seems to be a common way of life in the three-generation family to use the rooms or facilities independently, especially when the parents are relatively young and live with their son.
These are the characteristics of the three-generation family in contemporary Japan. I call it the “modified stem family”.View full abstractDownload PDF (1695K) -
[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 314-334
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 335-351
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 07, 2010
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 357-358
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 359-360
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 360-362
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 362-363
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 364-365
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
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[in Japanese]1988 Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 365-367
Published: December 31, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (326K)
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