This study focuses on the practices and structure of psychiatric day-hospital based on ethnomethodological fieldwork.

Psychiatric treatment has been criticized for its committal principle, and hospitals have begun reducing the number of beds in response to this criticism. Earlier, psychiatric day-hospital primarily provided support for discharged patients to live and engage with the community. Previous studies have demonstrated that the features of psychiatric day-hospital can be characterized as “repetitive time.” Thus, this study focuses on the mechanism that enables such repetition. I particularly observed the reuse of “deviance” and “praising” linked to “club activities” in this mechanism.

As a result, I clarified how the “deviation” of a patient is transformed into a “solution” and how “club activities” associated with “praising” functioned in psychiatric day-hospital. Additionally, I found that “club activities” were organized not only to make praising patients easier but also to manage the burden on the staff. I explored the meaning of such mechanisms that enable patients to be in day-hospital through comparison with extant literature. Although features of dayhospital have been aptly characterized as “repetitive time,” the findings of this study demonstrate that the mechanisms are organized, calculated, and well thought-out.

Currently, critical urban studies focus on the concept of “city” as people use it in their practice. However, how did the concept of city spread in the first place? This paper seeks to clarify the diffusion process of the concept of city in modern Japan. To this end, the paper focuses on the introduction of city planning. City planning authorities attempted to secure citizens` cooperation in city planning in the late 1910s and early 1920s. To achieve this, they attempted to make urban residents accept the concept of city. From the perspective of learning theory, this paper analyzes the practices of city planning authorities in making urban residents familiar with the concept of city.

First, the article uncovers that the concept of city was explained as an “organism.” Urban residents were positioned as “citizens” who constituted it. Therefore, they had a responsibility for learning about the city. The city planning authorities attempted to increase the citizens' knowledge about the city visually by comparing European, American, and Japanese cities through city planning exhibitions. Further, the city planning authorities tried to confirm the learning effect of urban residents, and in the process they identified the limitations of city planning exhibitions.

From the above, the practice of city planning authorities, which made urban residents learn the concept of city entailed the dynamics of forming them as citizens. In the process, the city planning authorities also learned from the responses of the urban residents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the transition of peace consciousness in Atom-Bombed cities（Hiroshima and Nagasaki）based on quantitative text analysis of peace declarations from 1947 to 2019. Texts of declarations were collected from official homepages of city governments of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This study focused on the frequency of words and made a comparison between Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Findings are summarized into two points.

First, it is common for both cities that words related to the war and nuclear problem appear frequently. Based on the transition of word frequency, words related to the war appeared frequently at the beginning of the post-war era. However, gradually, the frequency of words related to the nuclear problem has increased. This change has occurred because time softened the weariness of war and the threat of nuclear weapons caused by the Cold War was shared widely.

Second, the differences between the two cities were determined. Words related to support for atomic bomb victims were observed particularly in the declaration of Hiroshima. The characteristics of the declaration of Nagasaki is the frequency of words related to Christianity. At the beginning of the post-war era, the image of Hiroshima related to a social movement for support for atomic bomb victims and the image of Nagasaki related to Christianity spread nationwide. Based on the transition of word frequency, the analysis revealed that the period in which these words appeared in the declarations is later than the period in which these images were shared nationwide. This time lag is interpreted as unconscious acceptance of the nationwide images of these cities.

In conclusion, these findings are interpreted as an interaction between Atom-Bombed cities and Japan. The regional peace consciousness related to the renunciation of war and nuclear abolition has spread nationwide. Furthermore, nationwide consciousness has likely influenced the consciousness in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

This article aims at theoretically rethinking the meaning of “liberalization of citizenship,” which has resulted from increasing migration since the second half of the twentieth century. This article focuses on the relationship between citizenship's two aspects: （a）formal legal status（ “membership” ）and（b）informal demarcation of citizen/non-citizen（ “integration” ）. Both aspects operate on the logic that can be approximately formulated using the “ascription/achievement” distinction. Under the ideal-type of the nation-state, “membership” is ascriptive-based as it is a birthright, whereas “integration” is achievement-based as it refers to the substantive performance of an alleged-citizen in a society. As pure birthright “membership” has become increasingly invalid under a current increase in migration, a new strategy has emerged, which demarcates both “membership” and “integration” aspects using achievement-based criteria. It is this new trend of “achievement-based membership” that has been observed as “liberalization of citizenship.” However, this trend could be illiberal considering that it not only causes alleged-illiberal civic integration policies, but also potentially results in the banalization of forfeiture of nationality or the abolition of birthright citizenship. Therefore, the key to the realization of a true “liberalization of citizenship” lies in the composition balance between ascriptive-based and achievement-based criteria.

This study examines the meaning of foodwork performed by working women with children, in the context of increased participation of women in the workforce and stratification between career and non-career women, focusing on the “norms of home cooking.” The main research questions are: （i）How do working women with children rationalize their role in foodwork at home?（ii）How do factors such as work hours/employment, occupation, education, and household income influence their perception of the “norms of home cooking?” We collected data using interviews, observations, and photos of family meals taken by the respondents.

The results showed that most respondents considered their children most important while feeding the family. They tended to explicitly classify foodwork as a “motherʼs role,” which highlights a gendered division of labor. We observed “childcenteredness” in these womenʼs thoughts and foodwork.

Second, the perception of the “norms of home cooking” was related to work hours/employment and occupation. Respondents who worked part-time to support household income and considered it a part of the motherʼs role positively perceived the connection between “home cooking and love.” However, respondents who worked full-time with regular employment and/or as care workers were critical of the connection. Moreover, we observed that coping strategies for foodwork differed depending on household income. Those with higher household income tended to purchase services and healthy finished products to save time.

Therefore, we observed that “norms of home cooking” may diminish further among career women as social stratification increases due to the “promotion of active participation of women” in the workforce. However, foodwork continues to contribute to the oppression of those women who work part-time and/or are a single parent.